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TranscribedText: Article Journal of Black Psychology Racial/Ethnic Identity, 2016, Vol. 42(3) 244-258 @ The Author(s) 2015 Religious Commitment, Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1 177/009579841 45681 15 and Well-Being in jbp-sagepub.com African Americans SSAGE Adebayojibade , Joshua N. Hook?, Shawn O. Utsey3, Don E. Davis*, and Daryl R. Van Tongeren5 Abstract Although the study of positive psychology has flourished in recent years, most research has focused on White samples. There is, however, a growing body of research examining cultural factors that may contribute to the psychological health and well-being of African Americans. The present study examined the associations between racial/ethnic identity, religious commitment, satisfaction with life, and meaning in a sample of African Americans (N = 199). Racial/ethnic identity was positively associated with satisfaction with life and meaning, and these associations were partially mediated by high religious commitment. We conclude by discussing implications for the findings and areas for future research. Keywords racial identity, ethnic identity, culture, religion/religiosity "University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA 2University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA *Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA SHope College, Holland, MI, USA Corresponding Author: Adebayojibade, Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University of KY 40292. USA.Table I. Means, Standard Deviations, and Correlations Among Study Variables. M (SD) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I. Age 27.76 (9.71) 2. Gender 0.67 (0.47) 17* 3. Current income, $ 47610.34 (36271.06) .02 .09 4. Family of origin income, $ 55158.30 (43939.32) -.16* .00 5. Racial/ethnic identity 37.92 (6.99) 12 21* -.06 -.22#* 6. Religious commitment 30.28 (12 82) .23** .18* .II -.04 .35#* 7. Satisfaction with life 21.52 (6.82) 01 -.05 .18* 8. Meaning in life 24.16 (7.04) .20** .13 .02 -.01 .29** .42** .53** Note: Male = 0, female = 1. *p <.05. .01. assumptions including outliers and normality. there were a small number of than per variable which we recoded to three standard deviations from the mean. no problems with all regression analyses controlled for age gender current income family origin income. racial identity satisfaction life our first hypothesis was that would be positively asso- ciated this relationship mediated by religious commitment. supported. direct association between predictor criterion vari- able significant .17 p=".026;" see figure also iden- tity mediator commitment .001 finally controlling commit- ment in final analysis longer signifi- cant b=".07," indicating mediation. test whether effect on through used boot- strapping procedure outlined preacher hayes using bias- corrected bootstrapping based resamples found indirect .09 se=".03," ci presence meaning effects life. note: controls parenthesis is model. pres- ence bias-corrected .11 .20 reffect size measure mediation et al. about variance explained medium discussion present study adds but growing body research has examined importance cultural variables positive psychology sue purpose determine values well-being african americans. specifically assessed how one com- mitment related an american sample. results show both reli- gious mean- ing furthermore partiallyreligious .3210 ns i. .18 r mackinnon taborga taylor satis- faction second associated .28 .32 predic tor .34 remained reduced magnitude partial mediation.personal social habits alignment these acting line understanding theorized promote psychological tongeren hook davis example adults religiosity posi- tively correlated helping behavior as well level felt mattis fourth groups provide regular opportunity individuals gather others committed similar share their experiences receive support validation worldview. qualitative women religion spirituality impor- tant factors helped construct times adversity thus it stands reason may at least partially explain identifying more strongly lead increases well-being. overview hypotheses evaluate initial evidence links well- being. accordingly cognitive affective components included affirmation given prominent role culture incorpo rates intrapersonal prayer interpersonal church involvement aspects mea- sures primary method participants self-identified americans recruited large university southeastern united states southwestern amazon mechanical turk website. males females queer individual. ages ranged years sd="9.71)." mean yearly most christian identified nonreligious a. j. d. p. m. b. r2 effect- measures analysis. methods doi: grayman-simpson n. s. doing good feeling among americans: subjective satisfaction. journal black worthington e. l. jr. utsey o. collectivism forgiveness harmony. counseling psychologist jang y. borenstein r. chiriboga phillips k. mortimer adherence traditional elders. applied gerontology kliewer w. parrish jackson walker shivy v. socialization coping community violence: influences care- giver coaching modeling context. child development lopez prosser c. edwards magyar-moe neufeld rasmussen h. putting multicultural snyder handbook new york ny: oxford press. lukwago kreuter bucholtz holt clark brief scales pride time orientation urban women. health meaning-making women: quarterly faith sacred pargament exline jones apa hand- book spirituality: vol. context theory washington dc: association. watson spirituality. tynes neville thousand oaks ca: sage. lilly ethnic clus- ter profiles distress college stu- dents. doi:10.1002 pavot diener review scale. assessment phinney multigroup measure: scale use diverse groups. adolescent doi:10.1177 ponterotto g. gretchen stracuzzi t. saya psychometric andhas been linked fischer belvet refers being involved socially integrated into traditions practices group having thoughts attitudes suggests actively embracing important ele- buffering against deleterious racism promoting sense self-worth strong lower lev- els tend have better mental are variety possible mechanisms why some scholars proposed religiosity-defined prescribed beliefs ritual worship god or system gods key mechanism indeed prior handal wiener reed although studies psy- chological sought uncover precise constructs each other. reasoned might become embedded sharing tity. many religiously attend services regularly pray meditate materials chatters levin involve- potent way do this. work area various interested affect commitment- degree person adheres his her uses them daily living posit provides vital avenue consolidating involve highest ideals values. alternative lauded dominant culture. communities pro- vide consensual beliefs. increas weaken influence narratives third encourage variousconclusion rise movement allowed researchers focus questions human strengths virtues. however little contribute functioning generally white samples. grow- examining can resource healthy declaration conflicting interests authors declared potential conflicts interest respect authorship publication article. funding received financial publica- tion references barnes lightsey perceived racist discrimination stress brown ryan benefits present: mindfulness its personality constantine contributing optimal func- tioning people color states. crawford emmons larsen griffin suh lucas smith being: decades progress. bulletin dorn van behavioral assessing forgiveness. espinosa-hernandez lefkowitz sexual behaviors atti- tudes during college. sex validity testing. educational measurement f. asymptotic resampling strategies comparing multiple models. roberts masse chen romero structure young adolescents ethnocultural early adolescence sandage hill vang toward tive psychology: indigenous hmong scheier carver optimism health: implications generalized outcome expectancies. seligman steen park peterson psychol- ogy progress: empirical interventions. tidsskrift norsk psykologforening hope theory: rainbows mind. inquiry steger frazier oishi kaler ques- tionnaire: search shin relevance questionnaire therapeutic practice: look evidence. international forum logotherapy lives perspectives. tjeltveit health. knapp gottlieb handelsman vandecreek eth- ics moral foundations common themes ego resilience predictors green ... greer restraint evil. hellens explaining evil: approaches responses solutions praeger.mediated findings model predict functioning. aspect hypothesized played mediating shown serve protective factor moderating relationships experi- populations anx- ious depressive symptoms chapman wong turkheimer men view own served buffer conflict vogel wei mclain likely who identify nic background source happiness everyday lives. gion adherents world allaying existential concerns providing significance limitations suggestions future several study. correla- tional design prohibits causal inferences. data con- sistent theoretical leading turn leads alternate models fit well. longitudinal experimental necessary further explicate relations variables. interesting assess change over changes wasthe examination expanded recent newly burgeoning field caused welcomed shift problematic deficits illness virtues flourishing. areas such opti- mism awareness chology critiqued due lack consid ers virtue stud- ied largely perspective focused specific understandings definitions critique diversity samples studied. namely conducted few explored color. compared cross-culturally lit- erature relatively gap address under- standing relative ordering cultures differ. begin need theo- retical framework describing they argued value any interpreted lens guides what means should prioritized. described two ways belonging minority munity different interconnectedness mind individuals. experiencing unique heightened perceptual wisdom ability understand nonverbal contextual meanings bicultural flexibility begun accumulate supporting posed identity11 agnostic buddhist atheist muslim hindu identity. measured multi- meim rating overall indicate agreement disagreement item disagree agree items include clear my me am happy i member belong to. scores range higher greater levels reliability criterion-related validity. internal consistency cronbach alphas ranging .92 afri- cur- rent sample alpha .91 .93 inventory rci- chose rci-10 because rci participation activities reflect dimensions religiosity. partici- pants statements true not totally spend trying grow lie behind whole approach .98 sam- ples .97 satisfac swls five-item eachbased exclusively self-report response biases desirable responding. problem solely other types addition sophisticated designs measure- could examine ideas het- erogenous associations held across span older explore helpful perhaps versions less communities. spe- cific self-regulation. primarily thought practical hold clinicians commu- nity psychologists working help clients munities. high counselors want client if views 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Article Racial/Ethnic Identity, Religious Commitment, and Well-Being in African Americans Journal of Black Psychology 2016, Vol. 42(3) 244-258 The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0095798414568115 jbp.sagepub.com $SAGE Adebayo Ajibade', Joshua N. Hook, Shawn O. Utsey, Don E. Davis*, and Daryl R. Van Tongeren Abstract Although the study of positive psychology has flourished in recent years, most research has focused on White samples. There is, however, a growing body of research examining cultural factors that may contribute to the psychological health and well-being of African Americans. The present study examined the associations between racial/ethnic identity, religious commitment, satisfaction with life, and meaning in a sample of African Americans (N = 199). Racial/ethnic identity was positively associated with satisfaction with life and meaning, and these associations were partially mediated by high religious commitment. We conclude by discussing implications for the findings and areas for future research. Keywords racial identity, ethnic identity, culture, religion/religiosity 'University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA 2University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA *Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA SHope College, Holland, MI, USA Corresponding Author: Adebayo Ajibade, Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University of Louisville. Louisville, KY 40292. USA.