According to the original natural selection model environments differentially select organizations for survival on what basis?

According to Campbell (1969) what are the three stages of the natural selection model?

According to the article what is the 'purest' form of environmental selection?

Howard E. Aldrich New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850 Jeffrey Pfeffer School of Business Administration University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 INTRODUCTION The relationship between organizations and environments has drawn increasing attention in the recent literature of the sociology of organizations. We consider the subject of interorganizational relations to be a special case of the more general study of organizations and their environments. Dimensions of interorganizational relations have been listed (Marrett 1971), and partially developed paradigms for analyzing organization-environment relations have been proposed. The natural selection model, developing the strongest argument for an environmental perspective, posits that environmental factors select those organizational characteristics that best fit the environment (Hannan \& Freeman 1974, Aldrich 1971b). A complementary model, variously called a political economy model (Benson 1975, Wamsley \& Zald 1973), a dependence exchange approach (Jacobs 1974, Hasenfeld 1972), and a resource dependence model (Pfeffer 1972b), argues for greater attention to internal organizational political decision-making processes and also for the perspective that organizations seek to manage or strategically adapt to their environments. The two models agree on the importance of organizational environments for understanding organizational decisions and structures, but differ in their evaluation of the importance of the role of environmental selection. Current literature has elements of both incompletely developed perspectives and the shape of organizational sociology will be determined by the implicit debate taking place. As it is impossible to ascertain the ultimate resolution of this argument, we have chosen to examine both perspectives in this chapter, and to include literature from industrial organization, and administrative science and organizational behavior, as well as