ACTIVITY: HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND VALIDITY TEMPLATE Answer all of these questions.

1. Calculate and interpret the risk ratio for a=20, b=9, c= 7, d=25 Express answer to the nearest hundredth.

2. Calculate and interpret the rate ratio for a = 40, b = 17, c = 15, d = 37, PTe = 800, and PT0 = 959. Express your answer to the nearest hundredth.

3. What is the 95 % confidence interval for the rate ratio from question 2 and interpret?

4. Calculate the odds ratio for a = 30, b = 7, c = 6, d = 20 and interpret. Express your answer to the nearest hundredth.

5. Consider the following data and then complete the table in the appropriate template: Population Lung Cancer Incidence Rate per 100,000 Person-Years: Overall: R = 70, Cigarette smokers: Re = 200 Nonsmokers: Ro = 30 Coronary Heart Disease Incidence Rate per 100,000 Person-Years: Overall: R = 300, Cigarette smokers: Re = 500 Nonsmokers: Ro = 200

Statistic Equation Lung Cancer CHD Interpretation Rate Ratio Rate Difference

6. Researchers assessed the association between self-reported type 2 diabetes and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in a cohort of Black women Type 2 Diabetes POAG Case Person-Years Yes 70 27,385 No 400 400,000 Apply steps of hypothesis testing to this data. Also, calculate 95% Confidence Interval for the rate ratio. Interpret the result and say what the interval tells us about statistical significance.

7. Match the following as (A) selection bias, (B) information bias, or (C) confounding. Education level Questionnaire bias Prevalence-incidence bias Recall bias Detection bias Comorbidities Diagnostic suspicion bias Performance bias Lifestyle factors