Address all the questions and include extensive explanations.

1. 'Ancient Greek science was characterized by competition, the Renaissance equivalents by dogmatic adherence to ancient works.' Discuss.

2. How was the study of nature before 1600 shaped by religious belief?

3. 'There was no such thing as the Scientific Revolution....' (SHAPIN). Is this true?

4. (a) 'The concept of nature was central to Aristotle's philosophy.' Discuss. (b) How relevant is it to our study of the work of ancient scientists to investigate howif at allthey earned a living?

5. Are the systems of scientific belief found in ancient Greece and China incommensurable?

6. (a) Is 'Greek thought, Arabic culture' a good description of the scientific enterprise in medieval Islam? (b) Characterize royal attitudes to astrology in the pre-modern Middle East.

7. How did Alhazen resolve the classical dispute between the Greek mathematicians and physicists over the nature and comportment of vision?

8. Compare and contrast early modern attitudes towards tulips and monsters.

9. (a) Discuss the role of instruments in the study and representation of the cosmos before the seventeenth century?

(b) What did a sixteenth-century astronomer do?

10. 'In the natural sciences the art of oratory is ineffective' (GALILEO). Discuss.

11. (a) Discuss, with reference to the study of nature in the pre-modern period, the distinction between the use of books as historical sources and the use of texts.

(b) [Reproduction of frontispiece of Tartaglia's Nova scientia (1537)] How well does this image represent the status of mathematics in the early modern period?