Al Qaeda has been engaged against Western influences under the banner of jihadist solidarity. The attacks on Madrid and London transportation systems represented. 

a. A coordinated effort between regions to inflict mass casualties and impact cultures. 

b. The synchronization of attacks on multiple targets by prepositioned sleeper cells. 

c. The awakening of sleeper cells to impact a target of opportunity. 

d. Identical planning and results by Al Qaeda members from different regions