All submissions must be in allowable formats: Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx), PDF, or text file (.txt).

For each scenario below:

State both the null ( ) and alternative ( ) hypotheses in your own words.

Using the p and values, decide whether to reject or retain , and explain why.

Interpret the result in context (i.e., what does the decision mean in real-world terms?).

Scenario 1:

A researcher investigates tests for potential racial bias in traffic stops by analyzing data from a city's police department. They compare the proportion of minority drivers who experienced a stop to the proportion of non-minority drivers who experienced a stop.

p-value = 0.027

= 0.05

Scenario 2:

A social scientist examines whether social media usage differs between male and female college students. They compare the average social media time between these groups.

p-value = 0.08

= 0.05

Scenario 3:

A program designer studies whether starting salary differs between traditional graduates and graduates who attended a new negotiation training program. They compare the average starting salary for those who attended this program and those who did not.

p-value = 0.015

= 0.01

Scenario 4:

A researcher is curious about international views on drug decriminalization. For samples drawn from the US and Canada, they compare the proportions that support drug decriminalization.

p-value = 0.12

= 0.05

Scenario 5:

A labor sociologist examines whether work hours are associated with job satisfaction. They compare the average satisfaction between those who work more than 50 hours per week and those who do not.

p-value = 0.07

= 0.10

6. What are the consequences of making a Type I error in Scenario 3?

7. What are the consequences of making a Type II error in Scenario 4?