Although having each person in a meeting write his$/$her independent opinion before open

discussion or decision$-$making can lead to more effective group outcomes, this recommended

approach will lose its usefulness if:

$($a$)$ The opinions of others contain error.

$($b$)$ People$$s opinions are shaped by a common source before the meeting.

$($c$)$ There is nobody to speak up assertively.

$($d$)$ All of the above.

$($e$)$ None of the above.