Question: An organisational behaviour modification strategy designed to eliminate or decrease the frequency of a behaviour by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of
- An organisational behaviour modification strategy designed to eliminate or decrease the frequency of a behaviour by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour is called
punishment.
extinction.
deficit conditioning.
frustration-regression.
negative reinforcement.
- Status effects on communication
are fewer in hierarchical organisations where managers and employees know their places.
often cause subordinates to bias their communication with higher-level managers.
result from managers having to listen too much to employees.
are seldom serious.
are deliberate distortions by employees.
- Taken together, the content theories of motivation have several managerial implications. Which of the following is NOT one of these managerial implications?
For any given individual, needs will be valued differently at different times and at different ages or career stages.
Pay can be used to satisfy existence, achievement and social needs.
Research has clearly determined a perfect list of individual work-related needs.
Each of the needs identified by Maslow, Alderfer and McClelland can help managers understand the needs of people at work.
The distinction between lower-level and higher-level needs does appear to be useful.
- Becoming effective in written and oral communications
requires skill.
takes practice and hard work.
is essential for managers.
All of the above.
None of the above.
- Nancy, a plant manager, received a directive from corporate headquarters to examine possible ways for redesigning work processes to improve plant productivity. Knowing this would be a 'hot button' issue with plants workers, Nancy needs to communicate this news to them as effectively as possible. Which communication approach should Nancy use?
Oral communication
Nonverbal then written communication
Delegate the task to a lower-level manager
Nonverbal communication
Written communication
- Which of the following statements does NOT provide an accurate description of ethics?
Ethics is the code of moral principles that sets standards of 'good' versus 'bad' or 'right' versus 'wrong'.
Ethics provides principles that help people make moral choices among alternative courses of action.
Ethics provides principles to guide the behaviour of groups.
Ethics is a set of principles that guide the organisation's analysis of its external environment and the formulation of actions to respond to that environment.
Ethics provides principles to guide the behaviour of individuals.
- The challenges of visionary leadership go substantially beyond
a. making long-term plans and drafting budgets better than anyone else.
b. excelling at creating organisational structures and assigning people to jobs.
c. ensuring that results compare favourably with original plans.
d. alternatives a and b.
e. alternatives a, b and c.
- __________ focuses on the issue of whether people doing jobs of similar value based on required education, training and skills should receive similar pay.
Skills-based pay
Comparable worth
Gender equity
Job value
Job equity
- The components of strategic leadership include all of the following EXCEPT
establishing balanced organisational controls.
sustaining an effective organisational culture.
shaping the organisation's environment.
determining the organisation's purpose or vision.
exploiting and maintaining the organisation's core competencies.
- __________ is the degree to which an individual feels positively or negatively about various aspects of the job.
Organisational loyalty
Job commitment
Work commitment
Job satisfaction
Employee loyalty
- When an organisation chart shows managers of marketing, manufacturing, finance and human resources reporting directly to the CEO of a company, the top management group is organised as a functional structure.
horizontal
matrix
divisional
vertical
functional
- __________ is the core job characteristic that reflects the degree to which the job gives the individual substantial freedom, independence and discretion in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out.
Task significance
Work motivation
Autonomy
Growth potential
Context satisfaction
- Penaia works in the marketing department of a sports clothing company as a product development specialist. He joined the company mainly because of his love of sports and has recently set up a sports group that meets on the weekend. What types of group does Penaia belong to in each case?
Support and informal group
Informal and formal group
Friendship and personal group
Informal group only
- Fred Fiedler, the developer of the contingency theory of leadership, asserts that four of the five following statements are true. Which statement is NOT true from Fiedler's perspective?
Leadership style is part of one's personality.
Competent leaders can adapt their behavioural styles to fit the demands of differing situations they encounter.
Leadership style must be fit to the situation.
Leadership style is relatively enduring and difficult to change.
The amount of situational control is crucial in determining the correct style-situation fit.
- Which of the following statements provides an INACCURATE description of the role and importance of communication in organisations?
Communication enables people to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships.
Communication enables people to exchange and share information with each other.
Communication permits people to influence one another's attitudes, behaviours and understandings.
Managers can succeed without being good communicators.
Oral and written communication skills are critical for effective leadership.
- Which of the following are legitimate managerial implications of equity theory?
a. Perceptions of rewards in a social context, not the absolute value of the rewards, determine motivational outcomes.
b. Managers should ensure that any negative consequences of the equity comparison are avoided, or at least minimised, when rewards are allocated.
c. Pay is a common source of equity controversies in the workplace and its significance should never be underestimated.
d. Only B and C are legitimate managerial implications of equity theory.
e. A, B and C are legitimate managerial implications of equity theory.
- Feedback
is nonevaluative.
is often effective when used with a threatening edge that demonstrates who is in charge.
mixed messages.
is another name for distortion or noise.
is the process of telling other people how you react to something they did or said.
- Which of the following statements accurately describes communication efficiency?
Efficient communication is the same as effective communication.
Efficient communication occurs in one-way, rather than two-way, communication.
Efficient communication means that all noise has been eliminated from the communication process.
Efficient communication occurs when the intended message of the sender and the perceived meaning of the receiver are one and the same.
Efficient communication occurs at minimum cost in terms of resources expended.
- An executive who assumes that ethical standards are universal in nature and should apply absolutely across cultures and national boundaries is operating under which cultural behaviour?
Ethical realism
Cultural activism
Ethical universalism
Cultural relativism
Cultural socialism
- Personal traits that are considered important as foundations for leadership success include all of the following EXCEPT
honesty and integrity.
drive, motivation and self-confidence.
being a people person.
knowledge and intelligence.
the desire to lead and flexibility.
- Toyotas innovations inside the car are well known, the company has developed technologies which transcend that boundary and benefit people in other ways. For example, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center is utilizing Toyotas Total HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) software to study head injuries sustained by football players. THUMS, originally developed to simulate vehicle crash-related injuries, was shared with Wake Forest to allow researchers to model head injuries and study how hits on the football field can affect athletes. Wake Forest researchers hope the THUMS software will help find ways to prevent and treat head injuries, and create even safer football helmets. Recent concern with football-related head injuries has further emphasized the importance of their study. This is an example of:
Imagining
Designing
Scaling
Experimenting
- The underlying beliefs and attitudes that help determine behaviour are referred to as
values.
personal standards.
ethics.
social norms.
morals.
- Ethics training should be designed to
help people deal with ethical issues while under pressure.
help people incorporate ethical standards into their daily work behaviour.
help people to have the moral courage to do what is right.
All of the above
None of the above
- Communication barriers can be overcome, perceptual distortions can be minimised, and the communication process can be improved by doing all of the following EXCEPT
providing constructive feedback.
using space and technology.
opening communication channels.
engaging in active listening.
discounting diversity.
- All of the following are possible positive outcomes of teamwork EXCEPT
it promotes personal growth in the individual.
it helps individuals satisfy needs not met in the larger organisational context.
it can have a positive influence on employee work attitudes.
it can achieve synergy and make important contributions to the organisation.
it promotes dependency of individuals on a strong leader.
- Which of the following is an INCORRECT description of need satisfaction in Maslow's hierarchy?
Physiological needs are satisfied entirely by extrinsic rewards.
Esteem needs are satisfied by both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
Safety needs are satisfied entirely by extrinsic rewards.
Self-actualisation needs are satisfied entirely with intrinsic rewards.
Social needs are satisfied by both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
- Melissa is a good role model for her team mates. She wants to make sure her team does well and wins the conference championship. Her desire to attain this goal is described as:
intrinsic motivation
a need
a drive
extrinsic motivation
- Which of the following statements regarding work and the quality of life is NOT correct?
A manager's job carries a high level of responsibility for promoting a high quality of work life.
The way managers treat people at work may have consequences extending far beyond the work setting.
Poor management can diminish both a person's quality of work life and his/her overall quality of life.
Good management can enhance an employee's quality of work life but has little to do with the employee's overall quality of life.
The quality of work life is an important component of quality of life.
- Specialised tasks, few groups and task forces, and formal/impersonal coordination are characteristics of the __________ design.
organic
adaptive
traditional
mechanistic
transformational
- The degree to which people are treated the same without regard to ethnicity, race, gender and age is the concept of
procedural justice.
ethical management.
distributive justice.
equitable policy.
moral justice.
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