Animal Classification Using Frame$-$Based Systems and Prolog

Objective:

In this assignment, you will implement a simple frame$-$based system in Prolog to classify animals based on their characteristics. You will define frames for general animal categories $($such as mammals, birds, reptiles$)$ and specific animals $($such as dolphins, eagles, and turtles$).$ The frames will use inheritance to allow specific animals to inherit properties from their parent categories. Additionally, you will write Prolog rules to classify animals and query their attributes.

Problem Statement:

You are tasked with designing a frame$-$based knowledge system in Prolog to classify animals. Each frame represents either a category of animals or a specific animal, and each frame contains attributes $($slots$)$ with corresponding values. The system should use inheritance to allow specific animal frames to inherit attributes from more general categories.

Using the provided Prolog frame structure, you will:

Define frames for general animal categories such as mammal, bird, and reptile.

Define frames for specific animals like dolphin, eagle, and turtle.

Implement inheritance so that specific animals inherit attributes from their respective categories.

Write classification rules in Prolog to identify whether an animal belongs to a certain category based on its attributes.

Requirements:

Frame Definitions:

Define frames for general animal categories such as animal, mammal, bird, and reptile.

Define frames for specific animals, including dolphin, eagle, and turtle. Each specific animal frame should inherit from a parent frame $($e$.$g$.,$ dolphin inherits from mammal$).$

Each frame should have attributes $($slots$),$ such as legs, habitat, movement, and reproduction.

You can use the following attributes $($slots$)$ and values to define your frames:

legs: Number of legs $($e$.$g$.,0,2,4)$

habitat: Where the animal lives $($e$.$g$.,$ land, water$)$

movement: How the animal moves $($e$.$g$.,$ swims, flies, crawls$)$

reproduction: How the animal reproduces $($e$.$g$.,$ lays eggs, live birth$)$

warm$\_$blooded: yes or nohair: yes or no

wings: yes or no

flies: yes or no

Example of frames:

frame$($mammal$,[$warm$\_$blooded$=$yes, hair$=$yes, live$\_$birth$=$yes$]).$

frame$($bird$,[$wings$=$yes, flies$=$unknown, lays$\_$eggs$=$yes$]).$

$2.$ Inheritance:

Implement inheritance in Prolog using a rule that checks a frame's parent if an attribute is not directly specified in the specific animal frame.

Example of inheritance:

inherits$\_$from$($dolphin$,$ mammal$).$

$\%$ Base case: if a frame explicitly has a value for a slot, return it

inherit$($Frame$,$ Slot, Value$)$ :$-$ frame$($Frame$,$ Slots$),$ member$($Slot$=$Value, Slots$).$

$\%$ Recursive case: if a slot isn't found in the current frame, check the parent frame

inherit$($Frame$,$ Slot, Value$)$ :$-$ inherits$\_$from$($Frame$,$ Parent$),$ inherit$($Parent$,$ Slot, Value$).$

$3.$ Classification Rules:

Write Prolog rules to classify animals. For example, an animal is classified as a mammal if it has hair and is warm$-$blooded.

Write rules for classifying mammals, birds, and reptiles.

Example of classification rule:

$\%$ Classify an animal as a mammal if it is warm$-$blooded and has hair

mammal$($Animal$)$ :$-$ inherit$($Animal$,$ warm$\_$blooded, yes$),$ inherit$($Animal$,$ hair, yes$).$

$\%$ Classify an animal as a bird if it has wings and lays eggs

bird$($Animal$)$ :$-$ inherit$($Animal$,$ wings, yes$),$ inherit$($Animal$,$ lays$\_$eggs, yes$).$

$4.$ Queries:

You must provide Prolog queries to test your program. The queries should:

Classify a given animal as mammal, bird, or reptile.

Retrieve specific attributes of animals, such as their habitat or whether they can fly.

Deliverables:Prolog Program:

Implement the frame$-$based system, including the frames, inheritance logic, and classification rules.

Test Queries:

Write and test queries in Prolog to classify the animals and retrieve their attributes.

Example queries include:

mammal$($dolphin$).$

inherit$($dolphin$,$ habitat, Habitat$).$

animal$\_$type$($turtle$,$ Type$).$

bird$($eagle$).$

Example Queries:

Students should write queries to verify the behavior of their Prolog program. Sample queries include:

Is a dolphin a mammal?

$?-$ mammal$($dolphin$).$

What is the habitat of an eagle?

$?-$ inherit$($eagle$,$ habitat, Habitat$).$

What type of animal is a turtle?

$?-$ animal$\_$type$($turtle$,$ Type$).$

Sample of the program run

$\backslash$table$[[$Query: Is a dolphin a mammal?,Query: Does an eagle fly?$],[?-$ mammal$($dolphin$).,?-$ inherit$($eagle$,$ flies, Flies$).],[$Result:$,$Result:$],[$true$.,$Flies $=$ yes.$],[$Query: Is an eagle a bird?,Query: How many legs does an eagle have?$],[?-$ bird$($eagle$).,?-$ inherit$($eagle$,$ legs, Legs$).],[$Result: true.,Result:$],[$Query: Is a turtle a reptile?,Legs $=2.],[?-$ reptile$($turtle$).,$Query: What type of animal is a turtle?$],[$Result:$,?-$ animal$\_$type$($turtle$,$ Type$).],[$true$.,$Result:$],[$Query: What is the habitat of a dolphin?,Type $=$ reptile.$],[?-$ inherit$($dolphin$,$ habitat, Habitat$).,$Query: Is a dolphin warm$-$blooded?$],[$Result:$,?-$ inherit$($dolphin$,$ warm$\_$blooded, WarmBlooded$).],[$Habitat $=$ water.,Result:$],[$Query: How does a turtle move?,WarmBlooded $=$ yes.$],[?-$ inherit$($turtle$,$ movement, Movement$).,$Query: How does a d