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Some statements are given below. Identify name of the cost with examples and state whether it is relevant/ non relevant in decision making.

1. Costs are historical costs which have already been incurred and can not change by any decision made in future.

2. It is measure of benefits foregone by rejecting the second-best alternative of resources in favour of the best.

3. It is portioning of cost which involves payments to outsiders i.e. it gives rise to cash expenditure as opposed to such costs as depreciation.

1. 4. Total cost is changed (increase or decrease) due to change in the level of activity, technology or production process or method of production
2. 5. Cost used in evaluation of a product to reflect the use of resources but that have no observable cost.

State the appropriate pricing policy in each of the following independent situations:

1. 6. 'W' is a new product for the company and the market and meant for large scale production and long term survival in the market. Demand is expected to be elastic.
2. 7. 'X' is a new product for the company, but not for the market. B's success is crucial for the company's survival in the long term.

8. 'Y' is a new product to the company and the market. It has an inelastic market. There needs to be an assured profit to cover high initial costs and the usual sources of capital have uncertainties blocking them.

1. 'Z' isa perishable item, with more than 80% of its shelf life over.

Classify the following measures under appropriate categories in a Balanced Scorecard for a banking company which excels in its home loan products:

1. 10. A new product related to life insurance is being considered for a tie up with the successful housing loan disbursements.e.g. every housing loan applicant to be advised to take a life policy or compelled to take a fire insurance policy.
2. 11. How different sectors of housing loans with different interest rates have been sanctioned, their volumes of growth in the past 4 quarters.
3. 12. How many days are taken to service a loan, how many loans have taken longer, what additional loans are to be released soon, etc.