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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 21.1: Analyze the consequences of human activities changing a community's distribution from the continuous occupation of a broad area to occupying small, disconnected patches within the same area. This question has 3 parts. 0/1 point earned Malaysian Borneo is often known as the "Land of Hornbills." Hornbills are birds that travel across vast areas. They are important seed dispersers as they have the ability to regurgitate seeds unharmed even after a long seed retention time. They also build nest cavities in certain species of trees, often in lowland forests. These nest cavities not only house the female and young, but once emptied become housing for other rainforest species. The graph below represents the percentage of lowland forest areas that have been logged or lost completely in four different areas of Borneo: Brunei, Kalimantan, Sabah, and Sarawak. Forest Loss from 1973-2010 in Four Regions of Borneo 100% 90% 80% 60%- % forest lost or logged between 1973-2010 0% Brunei Kalimantan Sabah Sarawak Credit: Graph created by Codon Learning using data from Gaveau DLA, Sloan S, Molidena E, et al. (2014) Four Decades of Forest Persistance, Clearance and Logging in Borneo. PLOS ONE doi: journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0101654 Part 1 Based on the data in the graph, in which area would the hornbills have the hardest time finding nesting trees? O Brunei O Sabah O Sarawak Kalimantan Part 2 The number and type of trees available impact the population continuity of hornbills in Malaysian Borneo. In general, logging and tree loss leads to a more fragmented forest ecosystem. How would a fragmented forest likely impact tree species that rely on hornbills for seed dispersal? O These tree species would likely increase in abundance but would be more fragmented. O These tree species would likely increase in abundance and have a more continuous distribution. O These tree species would likely decline in abundance and become more fragmented, mirroring hornbill distribution. These tree species would likely decline in abundance but would remain continuously distributed. Part 3 Not all is lost! Researchers have been searching for ways to restore rainforests like those in Borneo to reduce fragmentation. One approach is to create wildlife corridors by planting trees (sometimes using seeds from hornbill poop!) within palm oil plantations, which have been highly fragmented through deforestation. n 1-2 sentences, explain how conserving seed disperser species might impact the fragmented native tree distribution on the aging palm oil plantations. BIUT TIX 0 / 10000 Word Limit