Answer the Questions:

1. A recent study (Guidry & Hammer, 2008) investigated patriotism, nationalism, smugness (an extreme form of nationalism), authoritarianism, and negativism and suspicion (subgroups of aggression), and how these traits are related to perceptions of war imagery. Participants were 78 undergraduates that were native born U.S. citizens. Participants completed surveys for the above personality constructs, then viewed a series of 20 images depicting war and reported their level of support for war. The researchers found that the higher the level of nationalism, smugness, and authoritarianism, the more positive the perceptions of war, and vice versa.

A. Is this a correlational study, experiment, or quasi-experiment? Explain your answer.

B. Is it descriptive or inferential? Explain your answer.

C Does the above study have an independent, participant, or dependent variable? If yes, identify each.

2. Researchers for a health care corporation are testing to examine the effects of various workweek schedules on work satisfaction and work performance in a hospital setting. Six of the health care corporation hospitals are selected to participate in the study. Three of the hospitals change their rotation schedule so that nurses now work a 4 day/12 hour shift with four days off. The three other hospitals maintain their 5 day/8 hour shift with two days off schedule. Data are recorded for six months concerning nurses' work satisfaction, and work performance is also recorded. Evaluation of the data suggests that worker satisfaction and work performance is significantly higher with the 4 day/12 hour shift schedule. Based on this data, the health care corporation implements the new schedule for all of their hospitals across the country.

A. Is this a correlational study, experiment, or quasi-experiment? Explain your answer.

B. Does the above study have an independent, participant, or dependent variable? If yes, identify each.

3 Doepker and Zimmerman-Nguyen (2004) examined the validity of effectiveness claims concerning Athena Pheromone 10:13TM.. Athena Pheromone 10:13TM,a pheromone perfume additive advertised to increase the attractiveness of female wearers, was tested on 46 non-smoking males. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions and exposed to pre-rated female photographs treated with pheromone-laced perfume, perfume, or no scent. Each participant was asked to rate the attractiveness, intelligence, and friendliness of each photograph. Ratings were analyzed. Overall, both the perfume and pheromone-laced perfume significantly decreased the perceived attractiveness for female photographs, but had no effect on intelligence and friendliness ratings. The researchers concluded that the perfumes had a significant negative impact on the ratings of perceived attractiveness.

A. Is this a correlational study, experiment, or quasi-experiment? Explain your answer.

B. Does the above study have an independent, subject, or dependent variable? If yes,identify each.

C. Evaluate the internal validity of the researcher's conclusions.

4. Researchers examined the effects of gender and age on pain perception. McEntarfer, DiPirro, and Page (2005) examined the perception of pain, induced in the cold pressor test and its relationship to age and gender. Volunteers (40 men and 40 women), aged 18-23 and 65-81 years, immersed their dominant hand in a bucket of water kept at 2 C. Pain threshold was determined as the time taken to notice pain from the stimulus. Pain tolerance was determined as the time before the participant removed his or her hand from the water, presumably because the pain became too intense. Analyses revealed that pain thresholds remain constant across age and gender, but that women had lower pain tolerance than men. Also, pain tolerance was lower for older adults than for younger adults.

A. Is this an experiment, correlational study, or quasi-experiment? Explain your answer.

B. Does the above study have an independent, subject, or dependent variable? If yes, identify each.

C. Can the researches make any cause and effect conclusions based on this study? Why or why not?

5. If I wanted to conduct a clinical trial examining the clinical efficacy of a new antidepressant called Quipazine,how would I set up this study to be double blind andwhywould it be important to do so?Be specific in your description of how the study should be implemented and why it is important to conduct the study double blind. (If you just provide a definition of double blind and a very generic description of the study, you will receive only partial credit for your answer.)

6. The answers to the following questionnaire items are based on what scale of measurement? nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio (You don't need to provide me the actual answers; just indicate the scale of measurement!)

A. Your Macy's account number (do not actually provide me the number!)?

B. How many cats live in your household?

C. What was your high school class rank?

D. How many hours do you spend online each week?

E. What temperature is a classroom in the East Academic Building?

7. What is the difference between aparametricandnonparametricstatistic? How is this related to different scales of measurement?

8. Why is it important to be able to differentiate between discrete and continuous data?

9. The final grades in immunology at State University are recorded in the accompanying table (ranged from a possible 0 to 80;Also See Problems 13-15): 29 74 51 42 55 75 74 74 79 74 43 79 55 74 25 04 69 78 74 52 76 74 04 64 76 79 69 77 79 24 75 78 74 69 65 80 72 79 62 79 08 66 79 43 76 72 45 73 05 79 74 74 75 38 60 02 74 78 79 73 63 45 74 64 63 75 62 43 67 72 62 62 54 03 45 79 62 64 75 72 From the above data(80 cases)

A. Construct a frequency table, include relative frequency and cumulative relative frequency.

B. Construct a histogram and frequency polygon.

C. Why did you select the intervals you used for your table and graphs?

D. Is the above distribution skewed? If so, is it a positive or negative skew? Explain your answer.

10. Define skewed. Demonstrate what that would look like graphically. Why is skewed data problematic?

11. What is the relation between kurtosis and variability of the data?

12. What do measures of central tendency NOT tell us? Demonstrate this problem graphically.

13. Find the mean, median, and mode forall 80 casesin problem #9. Imagine that you are a graduate teaching assistant for the course. What does you tell us the professor about the students' performance in immunology? Be specific. (Note: The instructor uses a grading scale of A=72-80; B=63-71; C=54-62; D=45-53; F=44 or less.)

14. Find the mean, median, and mode for the twohighlighted in yellow/bold and highlighted blue/boldgroups of numbers in problem #9. NOTE: You will havetwosets of answers. One for the yellow numbers and one for the blue numbers.

15. For the highlighted in yellow/bold and highlighted blue/boldgroups of numbers in problem #9, find the range, variance, and standard deviation. NOTE: You will have two sets of answers. Which has the greatest variability and why?

16. With the following numbers (2,3,6,5,7) prove thatx = 0. Note that this is a lower case xindicting a deviation score.

17. Find the area under the normal curve in the five cases given below. Identify which of the five has the greatest and which of the five has the least area under the designated area of the curve.

A. Between z = -1.75 and z = 1.89

B. Between z = 0 and z = .78

C. Between z = -2.16 and z = 0

D. Between z = .29 and z = 1.23

E. Between z = - .91 and z = -.59

18. A student scores 85 on an IQ test with a mean of 94 and a standard deviation of 10. At what percentile rank is the student with respect to the rest of the population?

19. A university decides to admit students who are in the 80% or above on a new college aptitude test (mean 76, standard deviation 8). Dan takes the test and receives a score of 82. Would the university accept or reject him and why?

20 A normal distribution of raw scores has a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 4.35. Find the percentage of cases falling between each of the following pairs of raw scores.

A. 60 and 78

B. 70 and 75

C. 59 and 66

21. When conducting a study, do you want a large or small standard error? Why? (10pts)