ANSWER THE QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 9 AND 10 CHAPTER 9 and 10 READING BELOW No less than 7 10 lines long for chapter assigned CHAPTER must be discussed Required readings MUST BE used AND referred INCLUDED IN THE ANSWERS to the source QUESTIONS BELOW Chapter 9 Identify other special populations of victims and what, if any, laws have been implemented on their behalf local, state, or federal as well as those listed in the text Determine victim witness assistance programs in the state Students can interview victims of crime known to them to determine if victims were informed of their rights and what, if any, rights and or notifications were provided to them, and if they took advantage of the victims' fund, and for what purposes While victims are provided a number of rights, notification and implementation are inconsistent, and where victims are kept informed, many victims do not take advantage of their rights, and there is no reduction in crime Given this information and keeping in mind the resource crisis in the CJS, should victims' rights programs and policies remain or be eliminated Chapter 10 Debate the supply v demand debate of guns Should there be an effort to limit the manufacturing of guns given the 97 million available What is the students' interpretation of the Second Amendment's right to bear arms statement If bans on guns do not reduce serious crimes, what actions can be taken to improve the safety of society contemplate accidental shootings and suicides by young people Consideration should also be given to the rare occurrence of school campus shootings, especially the 2010 governmental report on violence on college campuses which demonstrated a sharp increase in assaults and shootings on campuses in the past 20 years http www2 ed gov admins lead safety campus attacks pdf CHAPTERS BELOW Chapter 9 Protect Crime Victims Learning Objectives THE VICTIM'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT Describe the victims' rights movement by identifying those who have been involved in it, the timeframe in which it has unfolded, associated laws and acts, and the critique of the movement Discuss the historical view of the victim and the reasons why the victim has traditionally had no role in modern Anglo American law Provide examples of victims' services and programs and organize them into general categories Explain the ways in which victims' service programs can be evaluated Discuss the shift from general to more special populations of crime victims Explain how victim assistance programs serve victims and discuss the impact of these programs according to evaluations of them Explain how victim recontact programs, including protection orders, serve victims and discuss the impact of these programs according to evaluations of them Describe victim compensation programs and evaluate how well they are meeting their goals EXPANDING THE VICTIMS' VOICE List the goals of expanding victims' voices in the criminal justice system List the areas of the criminal justice process in which victims' voice laws have been developed and provide a critique of it Evaluate the Supreme Court's support for expanding the victims' voice Appraise the impact of victims' voice laws and issues of implementation SPEEDY TRIALS Explain the role of speed trials in the victims' rights movement GETTING TOUGH ON CRIME HELPING VICTIMS THE WRONG WAY AND THE RIGHT WAY Appraise the argument that policies intended to get tough on crime will not reduce crime or help crime victims, and may instead damage the criminal justice system Discuss the public policy changes that have come with a focus on domestic violence Outline THE VICTIM'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1982 President's Task Force on Victims of Crime made declarations that contributed to a victim's rights movement in the form of news laws and programs designed to help crime victims In 1983 the Office for Victims of Crime was established by the Justice Department and since that time 33 states have amended their constitutions to include and all states have passed victims' rights laws Historical Treatment Until the mid nineteenth century crime victims represented themselves in court, but in modern Anglo American law the victim has no formal role in the criminal process Having a professional public official handle criminal cases establishes that crime is an offense against society as a whole and it removes vengeance from case handling The U S Supreme Court supported the removal of emotion by ruling that victim impact statements at sentencing in death penalty cases are unconstitutional Victims also have no formal role in the CJ process because the priority is on protecting individual rights against violations by the state In the 1970s the victims' rights movement emerged and found fault with all parts of the CJS Conservatives have dominated the victims' rights movement, but other groups including feminists, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, advocates protecting children against sexual predators, and the ACLU have contributed New Laws and Programs By the early 1990s every state had passed some kind of victims' rights laws and over 30 had amended their constitution to include certain rights', such as the right to information, protection from harm, financial compensation, the right to make a victim impact statement and information about the final disposition of the case Among the federal laws that include victims' rights elements are 1970 Crime Insurance Act, 1982 Victim Witness Protection Act, 1984 Victims of Crime Act, 1990 Victims' Rights and Restitution Act, and the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act Critics of the Movement Libertarians criticize proposals to limit individual rights in order to help victims and others like Robert Elias feel victims' rights are symbolic politics that serve a conservative agenda, and are merely symbolic leaving crime victims victims still Sorting Out the Issues Victims' Services financial compensation and counseling Victims' Voice Laws enhance the role of victims in the CJS and make a formal statement Legal Standing for Crime Victims while states have passed victims' rights law or a constitutional amendment, it is not clear the victim has a legal standing to enforce his her rights Get Tough on Crime Laws includes proposals to deny bail, close loopholes and give longer sentences that assume getting tough will reduce the number of crime victims Criteria for Evaluation Implementation whether a law or policy has been implemented usually accommodated when convenient Impact on Crime Victims whether a law helps victims deal with trauma of victimization, return to a normal lifestyle and improve their evaluation of the CJS Impact on the Criminal Justice System whether laws have undesirable effects on the CJS Crime Reduction whether victims' rights laws help reduce serious crime Special Populations of Crime Victims The victims' rights movement has shifted from general to more specific populations Those with disabilities, Native Americans and minorities experience more violent crimes than the general population The focus on women as victims has led to rape shield laws, DV shelters, and mandatory arrest laws While the elderly have the lowest rate of victimization, elder abuse may not rise to criminal activity, however, 40 of those in long term care facilities report being abused or seeing others abused Victim Assistance Programs A popular idea has been victim witness assistance programs that are partially funded under the 1984 Victims of Crime Act in 2007 over $1 billion in funds was provided Victim witness programs vary widely from emergency services, advocacy and support services, and court related services implementation of programs varies also A national evaluation found many victims were not given advance notice about pretrial release hearings, most received notification about arrest and trial date, but the compliance rate was lower for other stages of the criminal process Overall, some victims receive some services the impact on the CJS is uncertain and victim services do not reduce crime with the exception of domestic violence shelters Proposition 31 With the possible exception of domestic violence shelters, social service programs benefit crime victims but will not reduce serious crime Police Victim Recontact Victim recontact programs encourage more contact between victims and police such as establishing procedures for informing victims about the status of the investigation These programs also build positive police community relations 1 3 of all police departments have them and most prosecutors inform victims of the outcome of their cases which is a major improvement since 1974 A Houston fear reduction experiment found the program was achieving few of its goals in that contacted victims did not express any less fear of crime or greater confidence in police Victims with poor English skills were actually more fearful than those who were not recontacted Victims' rights advocates have misinterpreted victim's feelings and they may prefer to just be left alone which is confirmed by low reporting rates Protection Orders A variation of police recontact involves court issued protection orders forbidding an offender from having contact with the victim Designed to prevent repeat assaults and provide assurance and security to victim In an experiment assessing reactive and proactive police contact with the victim and offender, results found victims of proactive contact were more likely to perceive that they were being stalked or threatened by their offender This may be due to the education received by contact with the police Offenders were rearrested at the same rate for both groups Proposition 32 Victim recontact programs do not reduce crime Victim Compensation Compensation is a popular victims' rights program which is partially funded federally by the 1984 Victims of Crime Act funds are derived from fines, assessments and forfeitures The majority of compensation assisted victims with medical expenses, funeral expenses, and mental health services Evaluations have not been favorable as many requests are denied due to insufficient documentation and victims who are compensated do not have more favorable attitudes toward the CJS than uncompensated victims Proposition 33 Victim compensation programs may provide some help for crime victims, but they do not reduce serious crime EXPANDING THE VICTIM'S VOICE Introduction Refers to a greater voice for victims in terms of bail decisions, plea bargains, sentencing and parole decisions and an Amendment to the Constitution has been recommended The goals include giving victims a feeling of participation in the justice system and end their feelings of isolation and alienation ensure offenders are properly punished Victims' voice laws have been enacted by many states which allows victims and or their kin to attend all proceedings and requires judges to take victims' views into account at sentencing Victim Notification Laws require victims to be notified of bail hearings, plea bargains, sentencing and parole Victims' Voices The Return of Vengeance Opponents of victims' voice laws fear it brings vengeance when bureaucracy is designed to ensure fair and impartial treatment In Booth v Maryland (1989) and South Carolina v Gathers (1989) the Court reversed death sentences because of statements read to the jury about the victim In Payne v Tennessee (1991) the Court ruled that victim impact statements were not unconstitutional The Impact of Victims' Voice Laws There is mixed evidence about the impact of victim's voice laws because victims don't always take advantage of them and those who do aren't always seeking harsher punishment when they do offenders may receive harsher punishment A national study found many victims made an impact statement, but fewer made a statement at bail hearings and even fewer attended parole hearings Victim impact statements are submitted in about half of all cases and the likelihood that they will is influenced by the seriousness of the crime Convicted offenders were somewhat more likely to be incarcerated and have longer prison terms if a VIS was filed or the victim spoke in court A study of sexual assaults found 60 of victims made a VIS at sentencing but it had little impact on sentencing because courts are already tough here Other studies found VIS had significant effects on the chances of an offender being paroled The Problem of Implementation A 2009 report found that victims' rights are violated as they were never informed of their rights or notified of dates of proceedings In a comparison of victim rights in strong v weak states, strong states did a better job at notification, although they did not fully comply with their laws A solution is victims' rights law clinics usually associated with law schools that engage in three main activities Informally advise victims of their rights Litigate certain issues to establish formal recognition of victims' rights Handle complex cases on appeal to establish broadly applicable case law affirming certain rights Evaluations of law clinics have yet to be conducted Proposition 34 Victim impact statements do not reduce crime SPEEDY TRIALS Speedy trials is a popular victims rights proposal though the irony is this is traditionally seen as a defendant's rights issue While speedy trials may be a reasonable alternative to preventive detention they shouldn't be expected to reduce crime too much because people out on bail commit a small proportion of the total Congress passed a federal speedy trial law in 1974 and states followed, but the laws have not worked as intended because they have been subverted by the courtroom workgroup GETTING TOUGH ON CRIME HELPING VICTIMS THE WRONG WAY AND THE RIGHT WAY The wrong way Many victims' rights proposals are designed to get tough on crime by abolishing the exclusionary rule, parole, permitting hearsay evidence at preliminary hearings and authorizing preventive detention Few of these proposals directly address victims the assumption is locking up offenders will reduce crime and therefore result in fewer victims these policies are not likely to reduce serious crime The admission of hearsay evidence at a preliminary hearing in order to protect the victim from trauma sets a dangerous precedent is silly and misleading and is of little help Sex offender registration and notification cover a broad range of criminal offenses most of which are consensual this results in an overload on the CJS and leaves little time or resources to focus on potential offenders The right way Develop narrowly tailored, intelligence driven programs that focus on the few high risk recidivists Proposition 35 Policies intended to get tough on crime will not reduce crime or help crime victims, and may instead damage the criminal justice system Improving the Response to Domestic Violence Changes in public policy toward DV include mandatory arrest, special prosecutors' policies or programs, and new sentencing laws Services for DV victims include protection orders, shelters, crisis hotlines, and counseling for victims and offenders This demonstrates a revolution in public policy providing services to real victims not a symbolic get tough change CONCLUSION Significant developments in victims' rights have occurred as victim laws and programs are found in every jurisdiction Some are good ideas, some haven't been fully implemented, and others are positively dangerous as they undermine constitutional principles and are likely to damage the justice system None of these programs is likely to have any impact on serious crime Key Terms Victims' Rights Movement A development that emerged in the 1970s that sought to increase the rights of and services and programs for crime victims that resulted in the implementation of a variety of state and federal laws impacting all parts of the CJS in the 1980s and beyond Victims' Services A set or programs that involves services for crime victims including financial compensation and counseling Victims' Voice Laws A group of laws that seeks to enhance the role of victims in the CJS by allowing them to make statements at bail, during plea agreements, at sentencing or at parole hearings Victim Assistance Programs A popular victims' rights idea partially funded by the 1984 Victims of Crime Act that seek to provide a variety of services and programs including emergency services, advocacy and support services, and court related services Police Victim Recontact A service for crime victims that seeks to provide more contact between them and the police along with procedures for informing victims about the status of the investigation of crimes in order to overcome the feeling of victim alienation from the system and build positive police community relations Victim Compensation A popular victims' rights program that involves financial compensation by the government to help victims recover from losses due to violent crime including medical bills, lost wages and other expenses Victims Voice Laws Laws that seek to give crime victims a feeling of participation in the justice system and end their feelings of alienation by allowing victims to attend, participate in and speak at criminal justice proceedings Victim Impact Statement (VIS) A statement made by the victim or on behalf of the victim by their family in which they are able to share with the court the affect that being a victim of the crime has had on their lives Chapter 10 Control Gun Crimes Learning Objectives THE PROBLEM WITH GUNSAND GUN POLICY Assess the important part handguns play in America's unique crime problem of lethal violence by summarizing the evidence on gun related violence Understand the basic premise of the District of Columbia v Heller U S Supreme Court case Distinguish between the two policies that attempt to reduce gun violence supply reduction and demand reduction Distinguish between weapons, firearms, and handguns and the importance of this distinction RECENT TRENDS AND THE POLICY DEBATE Discuss the public' attitude about guns, gun violence, and gun control GUN OWNERSHIP AND GUN RELATED VIOLENCE Assess the problem of gun related violence in the U S by summarizing the evidence on gun ownership and gun related violence GUN RELATED LAWS Provide a broad discussion on laws meant to control gun related crime and the issues of various state laws BAN HANDGUNS Discuss the effectiveness laws that set out to ban guns and the overall limits of banning handguns Defend the argument that reducing guns by banning manufacture and importation or through gun buy back programs will not reduce gun related crime Assess the argument that banning specific types of guns like Saturday night specials or assault weapons will reduce crime REGULATE THE SALE AND POSSESSION OF HANDGUNS Describe the impact of tightening up Federal Firearms License requirements Judge the effectiveness of policies that seek to keep guns out of the hands of bad people GETTING GUNS OFF THE STREET THE KANSAS CITY GUN EXPERIMENT Defend the argument that policies like the Kansas City Gun Experiment can effectively reduce gun related crime Compare and contrast policies that seek to keep guns out of airports and schools MORE GUNS RIGHT TO CARRY LAWS Assess the argument that right to carry laws will prevent crime GET TOUGH ON WEAPONS OFFENSES Judge the effectiveness of laws that seek to get tough on weapons offenses A PROMISING ALTERNATIVE A COMPREHENSIVE , PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO GUN VIOLENCE Describe the purpose of the Boston Gun Project, its strategy and its effectiveness to decrease the gun related violence among young minority males Discuss Project Safe Neighborhoods and the evaluation findings Outline THE PROBLEM WITH GUNSAND GUN POLICY Handguns present an expensive and dangerous problem in the U S both homicides and suicides Guns are a unique part of the American crime problem and affect young minorities the most There is division in the U S over what to do about guns control the sale and use of guns or allow for law abiding citizens the right to carry under the 2 nd Amendment The Supreme Court Weighs In In the 2008 landmark decision of the District of Columbia v Heller, the U S Supreme Court found DC's ban on handguns unconstitutional, upholding the 2 nd Amdt's right to own a gun for purposes of self defense While most existing gun laws restrict the purchase, ownership, and right to carry are still constitutional, the full impact of Heller on gun violence is uncertain SORTING OUT THE ISSUES Policy Options Supply reduction sees guns as the problem and seeks to limit their availability through banning guns and restricting who can own them Demand reduction focuses on gun offenders, and seeks to reduce the demand for guns through tough enforcement (e g , mandatory and long prison terms) What Firearms Are We Talking About Weapons firearms, knives, hands, fists, poisons anything that can inflict injury or death Firearms handguns, rifles, shotguns, automatic weapons Handguns handguns ONLY, regardless of size and firepower, excludes rifles and shotguns assault weapons are rifles or pistols capable of rapid fire action The distinction is important because it is agreed by the majority that handguns are the problem and the focus of the discussion RECENT TRENDS AND THE POLICY DEBATE The U S stands along in terms of the number of people killed annually by handguns in comparison to other countries However, gun violence declined dramatically in the 1990s Policy questions of interest what accounts for the high level of gun related violent crime in the U S , and what policies are effective in reuding gun related violence Public Attitudes About Guns and Gun Violence 55 of Americans believe gun control is most important, while 42 said it was protecting the right to have a gun Gun control can mean a variety of things, including restricting the purchase of guns by ex offenders and the mentally ill or tough penalties for criminals who use guns The majority favor a police permit to purchase a gun and a 5 day waiting period to purchase, mandatory gun safety trainings, and designing gun so they cannot be fired by children, and double prison time for crimes committed with a gun GUN OWNERSHIP AND GUN RELATED VIOLENCE Gun Ownership 270 million firearms in circulation in the U S , which includes 97 million handguns Any effective gun control policy must take the millions of firearms currently in circulation into account The total percent of households with some kind of firearm has decreased The following are more likely to own a gun men, Whites, those living in Southeastern U S , and correlated with people who are members of social groups where gun ownership is the norm Handgun Related Violence In 2008, 20 of all violence crimes reported in the NCVS involved a weapon about one third of those (7 of all crimes) involved firearms According to the 2008 UCR, more than 6,500 homicides involved handguns Two thirds of police killed in the line of duty are slain with handguns 80 of workplace violence involves a handgun GUN RELATED LAWS The U S has innumerable federal, state and local laws regulating ownership and use of guns, though the laws vary considerably One group seeks to limit the supply, while the other seeks to limit the criminal use of guns BAN HANDGUNS Ban Possession A few cities including D C (1975) have banned possession of handguns in 2008, the U S Supreme Court struck down the D C ban The D C law may have made some contribution to reducing handgun crime, but it was not the only or the most important cause Murder trends suggest the 1975 D C law was not effective The Limits of Banning Handguns Laws that attempt to outlaw possession of handguns do not offer a realistic plan for the 97 million handguns already in existence Limiting possession may foster the growth of the black market which is already large and where many criminals obtain their guns A truly effective attempt to ban gun ownership would require a federal law which is not strongly supported at this point Ban the Manufacture and Importation of Handguns Reducing handguns by manufacture and importation would only stimulate a black market and doesn't deal with the 97 million guns already in existence since they can last for the next 100 years Buy Back Handguns Buy back programs in St Louis and Seattle found little if any impact on crime Buy back may strengthen community bonds and build support for community leadership, so they should be evaluated with those goals in mind The limitation of buy back programs to reduce crime is that guns are turned in by people who wouldn't use them in a crime and or retain another weapon The theory behind buy back programs is flawed in that guns turned in are least likely to be used in crime, replacement guns can be obtained and the likelihood of any one gun being used in a crime is very low Ban Saturday Night Specials A compromise ban strategy is to outlaw only Saturday night specials based on the belief they are favored by criminals because of price and concealability Outlawing Saturday night specials would not accomplish what people think it would because their role in crime has been greatly exaggerated a substitution effect may occur in which criminals move to larger weapons, and they are the primary self defense weapon for low income people Recommendations to ban Saturday night specials or cop killer bullets are political cop outs Ban Assault Weapons The rise in gang related violence in the 1980s aroused public concern about assault weapons there is support for a ban on assault weapons as they serve no legitimate hunting purpose The 1994 Violent Crime Control Act's outlaw of assault weapons showed no persuasive evidence that it reduced violent crime the ban expired in 2004 and bills to reinstate the ban failed in 2007 and 2008 Proposition 36 Attempts to ban handguns, or certain kinds of guns, are not likely to reduce serious crime REGULATE THE SALE AND POSSESSION OF HANDGUNS The basic American strategy for controlling handguns is to regulate their sale, purchase and ownership Regulate Gun Dealers Federal law requires all commercial dealers to have a federal license to sell guns, but a very small number of problem dealers are responsible for a high percentage of the guns used in crime In 1993 new laws and policies tightened up regulation of FFLs which eliminated many problem FFLs, but did not directly impact gun related crime Background Checks The Brady Law The 1994 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act requires background checks to prohibit certain classes of people from purchasing handguns as well as a waiting period for all handgun purchases The law rejected a small percentage of gun purchase applications however, an evaluation found no significant differences in crime trends Only 1 6 of gun using felons obtained them through legal transactions many guns are sales or gifts between individuals or are stolen Few offenders obtain their weapons from regulated retail outlets and people with criminal records shift to illegal sources for guns The data used to keep guns out of the wrong hands suffers from problems in that some offenders records don't show up, others are incorrectly listed as having a criminal record and the data on mentally disturbed individuals is flawed Strong v Weak State Gun Regulations States with weak gun laws supply interstate crime guns at 2 5 times the national average Proposition 34 Attempts to deny ownership of handguns to certain categories of bad people are not likely to reduce serious crime GETTING GUNS OFF THE STREET THE KANSAS CITY GUN EXPERIMENT Involved a combination of problem oriented policing and hot spots to intensively enforce existing laws on the illegal carrying of handguns Police patrols concentrated on detecting and seizing illegally possessed guns which were found on searches incident to arrest, in plain view or in frisks Evaluation of the program demonstrated a decline in gun crimes by 49 in the target areas Gun crimes declined and controlling for a displacement effect found gun crimes went down in some surround neighborhoods but up in others A clearly focused programs to remove guns can reduce gun related crime but is extremely expensive and replications raised serious questions about the data and claims made for its success Reduction in crime could be due to a number of reasons removal of guns, deterrence, or incapacitation Airports and Schools Keeping Guns Away from Special Locations Airports Federal law prohibits carrying a weapon on an airplane and screening procedures have been fairly effective in seizing guns and reducing airplane hijackings This strategy is consistent with the place oriented approach discussed by the University of Maryland report, but there are limits on its applications to other areas of society Schools Due to highly publicized incidents and national concern about gun violence in schools receiving federal education funds must have a policy mandating expulsion of students who bring guns to school This is an example of the celebrated case phenomenon as few students bring guns to school and few are threatened with weapons at school Proposition 38 Focused, proactive enforcement strategies related to special locations can be effective in reducing gun related crime in those areas MORE GUNS RIGHT TO CARRY LAWS Some gun owners believe allowing people to carry concealed weapons would deter violent crime Research estimates have supported the belief though due to methodological issues it was not possible to determine a causal link between the laws and crime Proposition 39 Right to carry laws will not reduce crime Handguns as Self Protection There are widely varying estimates in the number of defensive gun incidents per year, but victims use guns to intimidate others threatening them GET TOUGH ON WEAPONS OFFENSES The primary conservative gun control policy is to get tough on offenders convicted of using guns and these laws are popular across the states However, research shows that the CJS was not soft on gun related crimes before such laws took effect Getting Tough in Detroit An Early Experiment 1977 Michigan law that mandated prison time for gun related crime and prohibited plea bargaining Minimum sentences for gun related murders and robberies did not change but there was an increase in minimum sentences for gun related assaults The going rate and trickle up phenomenon explain this as the going rate was already tough on serious offenders but the going rate for assault was low and without alternatives of plea bargaining and probation, the severity of sentences was raised for the less serious crime of gun related assault The gun law did not alter the number of violent offenses committed in Detroit A review of the impact of mandatory sentences for gun crimes in six studies showed complex findings Mandatory sentences appeared to reduce homicides in all six cities but there was not reduction in gun related assaults or robberies Proposition 40 Trying to get tough on gun crimes, especially through mandatory prison sentences, will not reduce gun related crime A PROMISING ALTERNATIVE A COMPREHENSIVE, PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHTO GUN VIOLENCE The Boston Gun Project A National Model This is the most successful and influential gun violence reduction program and it incorporates problem oriented policing Operation Ceasefire focused on a specific problem (e g ,gun violence among young Black males), extensively used partnerships (e g , local, state, and federal law enforcement state and county probation and parole public and private social service agencies and community groups), and combined traditional enforcement efforts (e g , crackdowns) with innovative nontraditional methods (e g , pulling levers) Basic strategy is pulling levers factors that law enforcement and correctional officers can use to have leverage over people involved in gun violence (e g , arrests of those with outstanding warrants, enforcing probation parole conditions, etc) Additionally, it involved the tracking of illegal guns and federal prosecution of those traffickers Evaluation 3 reduction in monthly youth homicides and additional decreases in youth gun assaults and calls to police for shots fired Implications A narrowly focused, proactive program with a specific target reduced serious crime over broad bans that fail because they try to do too much Going National Project Safe Neighborhoods Comprehensive national approach to reducing gun violence launched in 2001 and implemented in all 94 U S attorneys' offices Focused on increased federal prosecution of gun related crimes because federal sentencing guidelines are tougher than state laws and presumably communicates a strong deterrent effect Brought together similar elements of the Boston Gun Project specific problem oriented focus, strategic planning, utilization of research, partnerships, extensive training, community outreach, and evaluation of the program Evaluation found promising results and troubling findings In jurisdictions were fully implemented, a substantial decrease in gun and violent crimes occurred Sustainability of innovative programs is an issue once initial excitement wears off, officials fall back into traditional ways Implementation was another issue, specifically partnerships among groups and data Proposition 41 Sustained, coordinated problem oriented approaches can be an effective approach to gun violence CONCLUSION Gun related is a serious problem in America with no obvious solution Banning guns will not work due to the number of guns already in circulation Trying to keep guns out of the hands of bad people is also futile and threats of severe punishment does not appear to deter or incapacitate offenders in a way that will reduce crime More focused policies such as the those implemented in Boston and Cincinnati and PSN, as well as other carefully designed, research based, coordinated problem oriented approaches can help reduce gun violence Key Terms Supply Reduction Policies designed to reduce availability Demand Reduction Policies designed to reduce demand through deterrence or incapacitation Assault Weapon Semiautomatic firearms with a large magazine of ammunition that are designed and configured for rapid fire and combat use Substitution Effect In reference to gun control, a ban on Saturday Night specials might result in criminals moving up to larger weapon

Question

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 9 AND 10 CHAPTER 9 and 10 READING BELOW  No less than 7 10 lines long for chapter assigned  CHAPTER must be discussed  Required readings MUST BE used AND referred INCLUDED IN THE ANSWERS to the source QUESTIONS BELOW Chapter 9 Identify other special populations of victims and what, if any, laws have been implemented on their behalf   local, state, or federal   as well as those listed in the text  Determine victim witness assistance programs in the state  Students can interview victims of crime known to them to determine if victims were informed of their rights and what, if any, rights and or notifications were provided to them, and if they took advantage of the victims' fund, and for what purposes  While victims are provided a number of rights, notification and implementation are inconsistent, and where victims are kept informed, many victims do not take advantage of their rights, and there is no reduction in crime  Given this information and keeping in mind the resource crisis in the CJS, should victims' rights programs and policies remain or be eliminated  Chapter 10 Debate the supply v  demand debate of guns  Should there be an effort to limit the manufacturing of guns given the 97 million available  What is the students' interpretation of the Second Amendment's  right to bear arms  statement  If bans on guns do not reduce serious crimes, what actions can be taken to improve the safety of society  contemplate accidental shootings and suicides by young people  Consideration should also be given to the rare occurrence of school campus shootings, especially the 2010 governmental report on violence on college campuses which demonstrated a sharp increase in assaults and shootings on campuses in the past 20 years  http   www2 ed gov admins lead safety campus attacks pdf CHAPTERS BELOW Chapter 9 Protect Crime Victims Learning Objectives THE VICTIM'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT Describe the victims' rights movement by identifying those who have been involved in it, the timeframe in which it has unfolded, associated laws and acts, and the critique of the movement Discuss the historical view of the victim and the reasons why the victim has traditionally had no role in modern Anglo American law Provide examples of victims' services and programs and organize them into general categories Explain the ways in which victims' service programs can be evaluated Discuss the shift from general to more special populations of crime victims Explain how victim assistance programs serve victims and discuss the impact of these programs according to evaluations of them Explain how victim recontact programs, including protection orders, serve victims and discuss the impact of these programs according to evaluations of them Describe victim compensation programs and evaluate how well they are meeting their goals EXPANDING THE VICTIMS' VOICE List the goals of expanding victims' voices in the criminal justice system List the areas of the criminal justice process in which victims' voice laws have been developed and provide a critique of it Evaluate the Supreme Court's support for expanding the victims' voice Appraise the impact of victims' voice laws and issues of implementation SPEEDY TRIALS Explain the role of speed trials in the victims' rights movement GETTING TOUGH ON CRIME  HELPING VICTIMS THE WRONG WAY AND THE RIGHT WAY Appraise the argument that policies intended to get tough on crime will not reduce crime or help crime victims, and may instead damage the criminal justice system Discuss the public policy changes that have come with a focus on domestic violence Outline THE VICTIM'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1982 President's Task Force on Victims of Crime made declarations that contributed to a victim's rights movement in the form of news laws and programs designed to help crime victims In 1983 the Office for Victims of Crime was established by the Justice Department and since that time 33 states have amended their constitutions to include and all states have passed victims' rights laws Historical Treatment Until the mid nineteenth century crime victims represented themselves in court, but in modern Anglo American law the victim has no formal role in the criminal process Having a professional public official handle criminal cases establishes that crime is an offense against society as a whole and it removes vengeance from case handling The U S  Supreme Court supported the removal of emotion by ruling that victim impact statements at sentencing in death penalty cases are unconstitutional Victims also have no formal role in the CJ process because the priority is on protecting individual rights against violations by the state In the 1970s the victims' rights movement emerged and found fault with all parts of the CJS Conservatives have dominated the victims' rights movement, but other groups including feminists, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, advocates protecting children against sexual predators, and the ACLU have contributed New Laws and Programs By the early 1990s every state had passed some kind of victims' rights laws and over 30 had amended their constitution to include certain rights', such as the right to information, protection from harm, financial compensation, the right to make a victim impact statement and information about the final disposition of the case Among the federal laws that include victims' rights elements are  1970 Crime Insurance Act, 1982 Victim Witness Protection Act, 1984 Victims of Crime Act, 1990 Victims' Rights and Restitution Act, and the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act Critics of the Movement Libertarians criticize proposals to limit individual rights in order to help victims and others like Robert Elias feel victims' rights are symbolic politics that serve a conservative agenda, and are merely symbolic leaving crime victims   victims still Sorting Out the Issues Victims' Services  financial compensation and counseling Victims' Voice Laws  enhance the role of victims in the CJS and make a formal statement Legal Standing for Crime Victims  while states have passed victims' rights law or a constitutional amendment, it is not clear the victim has a legal standing to enforce his her rights  Get Tough on Crime  Laws  includes proposals to deny bail, close loopholes and give longer sentences that assume getting tough will reduce the number of crime victims Criteria for Evaluation Implementation  whether a law or policy has been implemented  usually accommodated when convenient Impact on Crime Victims  whether a law helps victims deal with trauma of victimization, return to a normal lifestyle and improve their evaluation of the CJS Impact on the Criminal Justice System  whether laws have undesirable effects on the CJS Crime Reduction  whether victims' rights laws help reduce serious crime Special Populations of Crime Victims The victims' rights movement has shifted from general to more specific populations Those with disabilities, Native Americans and minorities experience more violent crimes than the general population The focus on women as victims has led to rape shield laws, DV shelters, and mandatory arrest laws While the elderly have the lowest rate of victimization, elder abuse may not rise to criminal activity, however, 40  of those in long term care facilities report being abused or seeing others abused Victim Assistance Programs A popular idea has been victim witness assistance programs that are partially funded under the 1984 Victims of Crime Act  in 2007 over $1 billion in funds was provided Victim witness programs vary widely from emergency services, advocacy and support services, and court related services  implementation of programs varies also A national evaluation found many victims were not given advance notice about pretrial release hearings, most received notification about arrest and trial date, but the compliance rate was lower for other stages of the criminal process Overall, some victims receive some services  the impact on the CJS is uncertain  and victim services do not reduce crime with the exception of domestic violence shelters Proposition 31  With the possible exception of domestic violence shelters, social service programs benefit crime victims but will not reduce serious crime Police Victim Recontact Victim recontact programs encourage more contact between victims and police such as establishing procedures for informing victims about the status of the investigation These programs also build positive police community relations  1 3 of all police departments have them and most prosecutors inform victims of the outcome of their cases which is a major improvement since 1974 A Houston fear reduction experiment found the program was achieving few of its goals in that contacted victims did not express any less fear of crime or greater confidence in police  Victims with poor English skills were actually more fearful than those who were not recontacted Victims' rights advocates have misinterpreted victim's feelings and they may prefer to just be left alone which is confirmed by low reporting rates Protection Orders A variation of police recontact  involves court issued protection orders forbidding an offender from having contact with the victim Designed to prevent repeat assaults and provide assurance and security to victim In an experiment assessing reactive and proactive police contact with the victim and offender, results found victims of proactive contact were more likely to perceive that they were being stalked or threatened by their offender  This may be due to the education received by contact with the police  Offenders were rearrested at the same rate for both groups  Proposition 32  Victim recontact programs do not reduce crime Victim Compensation Compensation is a popular victims' rights program which is partially funded federally by the 1984 Victims of Crime Act  funds are derived from fines, assessments and forfeitures The majority of compensation assisted victims with medical expenses, funeral expenses, and mental health services Evaluations have not been favorable as many requests are denied due to insufficient documentation and victims who are compensated do not have more favorable attitudes toward the CJS than uncompensated victims Proposition 33  Victim compensation programs may provide some help for crime victims, but they do not reduce serious crime EXPANDING THE VICTIM'S VOICE Introduction Refers to a greater voice for victims in terms of bail decisions, plea bargains, sentencing and parole decisions and an Amendment to the Constitution has been recommended The goals include giving victims a feeling of participation in the justice system and end their feelings of isolation and alienation  ensure offenders are properly punished  Victims' voice laws have been enacted by many states which allows victims and or their kin to attend all proceedings and requires judges to take victims' views into account at sentencing Victim Notification Laws require victims to be notified of bail hearings, plea bargains, sentencing and parole Victims' Voices  The Return of Vengeance  Opponents of victims' voice laws fear it brings vengeance when bureaucracy is designed to ensure fair and impartial treatment In Booth v  Maryland (1989) and South Carolina v  Gathers (1989) the Court reversed death sentences because of statements read to the jury about the victim In Payne v  Tennessee (1991) the Court ruled that victim impact statements were not unconstitutional The Impact of Victims' Voice Laws There is mixed evidence about the impact of victim's voice laws because victims don't always take advantage of them and those who do aren't always seeking harsher punishment  when they do offenders may receive harsher punishment A national study found many victims made an impact statement, but fewer made a statement at bail hearings and even fewer attended parole hearings Victim impact statements are submitted in about half of all cases and the likelihood that they will is influenced by the seriousness of the crime Convicted offenders were somewhat more likely to be incarcerated and have longer prison terms if a VIS was filed or the victim spoke in court A study of sexual assaults found 60  of victims made a VIS at sentencing but it had little impact on sentencing because courts are already tough here Other studies found VIS had significant effects on the chances of an offender being paroled The Problem of Implementation A 2009 report found that victims' rights are violated as they were never informed of their rights or notified of dates of proceedings In a comparison of victim rights in  strong  v   weak  states,  strong  states did a better job at notification, although they did not fully comply with their laws A solution is victims' rights law clinics usually associated with law schools that engage in three main activities Informally advise victims of their rights Litigate certain issues to establish formal recognition of victims' rights Handle complex cases on appeal to establish broadly applicable case law affirming certain rights Evaluations of law clinics have yet to be conducted Proposition 34  Victim impact statements do not reduce crime SPEEDY TRIALS Speedy trials is a popular victims rights proposal though the irony is this is traditionally seen as a defendant's rights issue While speedy trials may be a reasonable alternative to preventive detention they shouldn't be expected to reduce crime too much because people out on bail commit a small proportion of the total Congress passed a federal speedy trial law in 1974 and states followed, but the laws have not worked as intended because they have been subverted by the courtroom workgroup GETTING TOUGH ON CRIME  HELPING VICTIMS THE WRONG WAY AND THE RIGHT WAY The wrong way  Many victims' rights proposals are designed to get tough on crime by abolishing the exclusionary rule, parole, permitting hearsay evidence at preliminary hearings and authorizing preventive detention Few of these proposals directly address victims  the assumption is locking up offenders will reduce crime and therefore result in fewer victims  these policies are not likely to reduce serious crime The admission of hearsay evidence at a preliminary hearing in order to protect the victim from trauma sets a dangerous precedent  is silly and misleading and is of little help Sex offender registration and notification cover a broad range of criminal offenses   most of which are consensual  this results in an overload on the CJS and leaves little time or resources to focus on potential offenders The right way  Develop narrowly tailored, intelligence driven programs that focus on the few high risk recidivists Proposition 35  Policies intended to get tough on crime will not reduce crime or help crime victims, and may instead damage the criminal justice system Improving the Response to Domestic Violence Changes in public policy toward DV include  mandatory arrest, special prosecutors' policies or programs, and new sentencing laws Services for DV victims include  protection orders, shelters, crisis hotlines, and counseling for victims and offenders This demonstrates a revolution in public policy   providing services to real victims not a symbolic  get tough  change CONCLUSION Significant developments in victims' rights have occurred as victim laws and programs are found in every jurisdiction Some are good ideas, some haven't been fully implemented, and others are positively dangerous as they undermine constitutional principles and are likely to damage the justice system None of these programs is likely to have any impact on serious crime Key Terms Victims' Rights Movement   A development that emerged in the 1970s that sought to increase the rights of and services and programs for crime victims that resulted in the implementation of a variety of state and federal laws impacting all parts of the CJS in the 1980s and beyond Victims' Services   A set or programs that involves services for crime victims including financial compensation and counseling Victims' Voice Laws   A group of laws that seeks to enhance the role of victims in the CJS by allowing them to make statements at bail, during plea agreements, at sentencing or at parole hearings Victim Assistance Programs   A popular victims' rights idea partially funded by the 1984 Victims of Crime Act that seek to provide a variety of services and programs including emergency services, advocacy and support services, and court related services Police Victim Recontact   A service for crime victims that seeks to provide more contact between them and the police along with procedures for informing victims about the status of the investigation of crimes in order to overcome the feeling of victim alienation from the system and build positive police community relations Victim Compensation   A popular victims' rights program that involves financial compensation by the government to help victims recover from losses due to violent crime including medical bills, lost wages and other expenses Victims Voice Laws   Laws that seek to give crime victims a feeling of participation in the justice system and end their feelings of alienation by allowing victims to attend, participate in and speak at criminal justice proceedings Victim Impact Statement (VIS)   A statement made by the victim or on behalf of the victim by their family in which they are able to share with the court the affect that being a victim of the crime has had on their lives Chapter 10 Control Gun Crimes Learning Objectives THE PROBLEM WITH GUNSAND GUN POLICY Assess the important part handguns play in America's unique crime problem of lethal violence by summarizing the evidence on gun related violence Understand the basic premise of the District of Columbia v  Heller U S  Supreme Court case Distinguish between the two policies that attempt to reduce gun violence   supply reduction and demand reduction Distinguish between weapons, firearms, and handguns and the importance of this distinction RECENT TRENDS   AND THE POLICY DEBATE Discuss the public' attitude about guns, gun violence, and gun control GUN OWNERSHIP AND GUN RELATED VIOLENCE Assess the problem of gun related violence in the U S  by summarizing the evidence on gun ownership and gun related violence GUN RELATED LAWS Provide a broad discussion on laws meant to control gun related crime and the issues of various state laws BAN HANDGUNS Discuss the effectiveness laws that set out to ban guns and the overall limits of banning handguns Defend the argument that reducing guns by banning manufacture and importation or through gun buy back programs will not reduce gun related crime Assess the argument that banning specific types of guns like Saturday night specials or assault weapons will reduce crime REGULATE THE SALE AND POSSESSION OF HANDGUNS Describe the impact of tightening up Federal Firearms License requirements Judge the effectiveness of policies that seek to keep guns out of the hands of  bad  people GETTING GUNS OFF THE STREET  THE KANSAS CITY GUN EXPERIMENT Defend the argument that policies like the Kansas City Gun Experiment can effectively reduce gun related crime Compare and contrast policies that seek to keep guns out of airports and schools MORE GUNS  RIGHT TO CARRY LAWS Assess the argument that right to carry laws will prevent crime GET TOUGH ON WEAPONS OFFENSES Judge the effectiveness of laws that seek to get tough on weapons offenses A PROMISING ALTERNATIVE  A COMPREHENSIVE , PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO GUN VIOLENCE Describe the purpose of the Boston Gun Project, its strategy and its effectiveness to decrease the gun related violence among young minority males Discuss Project Safe Neighborhoods and the evaluation findings Outline THE PROBLEM WITH GUNSAND GUN POLICY Handguns present an expensive and dangerous problem in the U S    both homicides and suicides Guns are a unique part of the American crime problem and affect young minorities the most There is division in the U S  over what to do about guns   control the sale and use of guns or allow for law abiding citizens the right to carry under the 2 nd Amendment The Supreme Court Weighs In In the 2008 landmark decision of the District of Columbia v  Heller, the U S  Supreme Court found DC's ban on handguns unconstitutional, upholding the 2 nd Amdt's right to own a gun for purposes of self defense While most existing gun laws restrict the purchase, ownership, and right to carry are still constitutional, the full impact of Heller on gun violence is uncertain SORTING OUT THE ISSUES Policy Options Supply reduction  sees guns as the problem and seeks to limit their availability through banning guns and restricting who can own them Demand reduction  focuses on gun offenders, and seeks to reduce the demand for guns through tough enforcement (e g , mandatory and long prison terms) What Firearms Are We Talking About  Weapons  firearms, knives, hands, fists, poisons  anything that can inflict injury or death Firearms  handguns, rifles, shotguns, automatic weapons Handguns  handguns ONLY, regardless of size and firepower, excludes rifles and shotguns  assault weapons are rifles or pistols capable of rapid fire action The distinction is important because it is agreed by the majority that handguns are the problem and the focus of the discussion RECENT TRENDS   AND THE POLICY DEBATE The U S  stands along in terms of the number of people killed annually by handguns in comparison to other countries However, gun violence declined dramatically in the 1990s Policy questions of interest  what accounts for the high level of gun related violent crime in the U S , and what policies are effective in reuding gun related violence  Public Attitudes About Guns and Gun Violence 55  of Americans believe gun control is most important, while 42  said it was protecting the right to have a gun  Gun control  can mean a variety of things, including restricting the purchase of guns by ex offenders and the mentally ill or tough penalties for criminals who use guns The majority favor a police permit to purchase a gun and a 5 day waiting period to purchase, mandatory gun safety trainings, and designing gun so they cannot be fired by children, and double prison time for crimes committed with a gun GUN OWNERSHIP AND GUN RELATED VIOLENCE Gun Ownership 270 million firearms in circulation in the U S , which includes 97 million handguns Any effective gun control policy must take the millions of firearms currently in circulation into account The total percent of households with some kind of firearm has decreased The following are more likely to own a gun  men, Whites, those living in Southeastern U S , and correlated with people who are members of social groups where gun ownership is the norm Handgun Related Violence In 2008, 20  of all violence crimes reported in the NCVS involved a weapon  about one third of those (7  of all crimes) involved firearms According to the 2008 UCR, more than 6,500 homicides involved handguns Two thirds of police killed in the line of duty are slain with handguns 80  of workplace violence involves a handgun GUN RELATED LAWS The U S  has innumerable federal, state and local laws regulating ownership and use of guns, though the laws vary considerably One group seeks to limit the supply, while the other seeks to limit the criminal use of guns BAN HANDGUNS Ban Possession A few cities including D C  (1975) have banned possession of handguns  in 2008, the U S  Supreme Court struck down the D C  ban The D C  law may have made some contribution to reducing handgun crime, but it was not the only or the most important cause Murder trends suggest the 1975 D C  law was not effective The Limits of Banning Handguns Laws that attempt to outlaw possession of handguns do not offer a realistic plan for the 97 million handguns already in existence Limiting possession may foster the growth of the black market which is already large and where many criminals obtain their guns A truly effective attempt to ban gun ownership would require a federal law which is not strongly supported at this point Ban the Manufacture and Importation of Handguns Reducing handguns by manufacture and importation would only stimulate a black market and doesn't deal with the 97 million guns already in existence since they can last for the next 100 years Buy Back Handguns Buy back programs in St  Louis and Seattle found little if any impact on crime Buy back may strengthen community bonds and build support for community leadership, so they should be evaluated with those goals in mind The limitation of buy back programs to reduce crime is that guns are turned in by people who wouldn't use them in a crime and or retain another weapon The theory behind buy back programs is flawed in that guns turned in are least likely to be used in crime, replacement guns can be obtained and the likelihood of any one gun being used in a crime is very low Ban Saturday Night Specials A compromise ban strategy is to outlaw only Saturday night specials based on the belief they are favored by criminals because of price and concealability Outlawing Saturday night specials would not accomplish what people think it would because their role in crime has been greatly exaggerated  a substitution effect may occur in which criminals move to larger weapons, and they are the primary self defense weapon for low income people Recommendations to ban Saturday night specials or cop killer bullets are political cop outs Ban Assault Weapons The rise in gang related violence in the 1980s aroused public concern about assault weapons  there is support for a ban on assault weapons as they serve no legitimate hunting purpose The 1994 Violent Crime Control Act's outlaw of assault weapons showed no persuasive evidence that it reduced violent crime  the ban expired in 2004 and bills to reinstate the ban failed in 2007 and 2008 Proposition 36  Attempts to ban handguns, or certain kinds of guns, are not likely to reduce serious crime REGULATE THE SALE AND POSSESSION OF HANDGUNS The basic American strategy for controlling handguns is to regulate their sale, purchase and ownership Regulate Gun Dealers Federal law requires all commercial dealers to have a federal license to sell guns, but a very small number of  problem  dealers are responsible for a high percentage of the guns used in crime In 1993 new laws and policies tightened up regulation of FFLs which eliminated many problem FFLs, but did not directly impact gun related crime Background Checks  The Brady Law The 1994 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act requires background checks to prohibit certain classes of people from purchasing handguns as well as a waiting period for all handgun purchases The law rejected a small percentage of gun purchase applications  however, an evaluation found no significant differences in crime trends Only 1 6 of gun using felons obtained them through legal transactions  many guns are sales or gifts between individuals or are stolen Few offenders obtain their weapons from regulated retail outlets and people with criminal records shift to illegal sources for guns The data used to keep guns out of the wrong hands suffers from problems in that some offenders records don't show up, others are incorrectly listed as having a criminal record and the data on mentally disturbed individuals is flawed Strong v  Weak State Gun Regulations States with weak gun laws supply interstate crime guns at 2 5 times the national average Proposition 34  Attempts to deny ownership of handguns to certain categories of  bad  people are not likely to reduce serious crime GETTING GUNS OFF THE STREET  THE KANSAS CITY GUN EXPERIMENT Involved a combination of problem oriented policing and hot spots to intensively enforce existing laws on the illegal carrying of handguns Police patrols concentrated on detecting and seizing illegally possessed guns which were found on searches incident to arrest, in plain view or in frisks Evaluation of the program demonstrated a decline in gun crimes by 49  in the target areas Gun crimes declined and controlling for a displacement effect found gun crimes went down in some surround neighborhoods but up in others A clearly focused programs to remove guns can reduce gun related crime but is extremely expensive and replications raised serious questions about the data and claims made for its success Reduction in crime could be due to a number of reasons  removal of guns, deterrence, or incapacitation Airports and Schools  Keeping Guns Away from Special Locations Airports Federal law prohibits carrying a weapon on an airplane and screening procedures have been fairly effective in seizing guns and reducing airplane hijackings This strategy is consistent with the place oriented approach discussed by the University of Maryland report, but there are limits on its applications to other areas of society Schools Due to highly publicized incidents and national concern about gun violence in schools receiving federal education funds must have a policy mandating expulsion of students who bring guns to school This is an example of the celebrated case phenomenon as few students bring guns to school and few are threatened with weapons at school Proposition 38  Focused, proactive enforcement strategies related to special locations can be effective in reducing gun related crime in those areas MORE GUNS  RIGHT TO CARRY LAWS Some gun owners believe allowing people to carry concealed weapons would deter violent crime Research estimates have supported the belief though due to methodological issues it was not possible to determine a causal link between the laws and crime Proposition 39  Right to carry laws will not reduce crime Handguns as Self Protection There are widely varying estimates in the number of defensive gun incidents per year, but victims use guns to intimidate others threatening them GET TOUGH ON WEAPONS OFFENSES The primary conservative gun control policy is to get tough on offenders convicted of using guns and these laws are popular across the states However, research shows that the CJS was not soft on gun related crimes before such laws took effect Getting Tough in Detroit  An Early Experiment 1977 Michigan law that mandated prison time for gun related crime and prohibited plea bargaining Minimum sentences for gun related murders and robberies did not change but there was an increase in minimum sentences for gun related assaults The going rate and trickle up phenomenon explain this as the going rate was already tough on serious offenders but the going rate for assault was low and without alternatives of plea bargaining and probation, the severity of sentences was raised for the less serious crime of gun related assault The gun law did not alter the number of violent offenses committed in Detroit A review of the impact of mandatory sentences for gun crimes in six studies showed complex findings  Mandatory sentences appeared to reduce homicides in all six cities but there was not reduction in gun related assaults or robberies Proposition 40  Trying to  get tough  on gun crimes, especially through mandatory prison sentences, will not reduce gun related crime A PROMISING ALTERNATIVE  A COMPREHENSIVE, PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHTO GUN VIOLENCE The Boston Gun Project  A National Model This is the most successful and influential gun violence reduction program and it incorporates problem oriented policing Operation Ceasefire focused on a specific problem (e g ,gun violence among young Black males), extensively used partnerships (e g , local, state, and federal law enforcement  state and county probation and parole  public and private social service agencies  and community groups), and combined traditional enforcement efforts (e g , crackdowns) with innovative nontraditional methods (e g , pulling levers) Basic strategy is  pulling levers   factors that law enforcement and correctional officers can use to have leverage over people involved in gun violence (e g , arrests of those with outstanding warrants, enforcing probation parole conditions, etc) Additionally, it involved the tracking of illegal guns and federal prosecution of those traffickers Evaluation  3  reduction in monthly youth homicides and additional decreases in youth gun assaults and calls to police for shots fired Implications A narrowly focused, proactive program with a specific target reduced serious crime over broad bans that fail because they try to do too much Going National  Project Safe Neighborhoods Comprehensive national approach to reducing gun violence launched in 2001 and implemented in all 94 U S  attorneys' offices Focused on increased federal prosecution of gun related crimes because federal sentencing guidelines are tougher than state laws and presumably communicates a strong deterrent effect Brought together similar elements of the Boston Gun Project  specific problem oriented focus, strategic planning, utilization of research, partnerships, extensive training, community outreach, and evaluation of the program Evaluation found promising results and troubling findings In jurisdictions were fully implemented, a substantial decrease in gun and violent crimes occurred Sustainability of innovative programs is an issue  once initial excitement wears off, officials fall back into traditional ways Implementation was another issue, specifically partnerships among groups and data Proposition 41  Sustained, coordinated problem oriented approaches can be an effective approach to gun violence CONCLUSION Gun related is a serious problem in America with no obvious solution Banning guns will not work due to the number of guns already in circulation Trying to keep guns out of the hands of  bad  people is also futile and threats of severe punishment does not appear to deter or incapacitate offenders in a way that will reduce crime More focused policies such as the those implemented in Boston and Cincinnati and PSN, as well as other carefully designed, research based, coordinated problem oriented approaches can help reduce gun violence Key Terms Supply Reduction   Policies designed to reduce availability Demand Reduction   Policies designed to reduce demand through deterrence or incapacitation Assault Weapon   Semiautomatic firearms with a large magazine of ammunition that are designed and configured for rapid fire and combat use Substitution Effect   In reference to gun control, a ban on Saturday Night specials might result in criminals moving up to larger weapon

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