Apply IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application, and Conclusion) formula to the following cases:

1. Every week, Amy and Jim and their daughter, Sophie, enter the MARK SIX, each contributing $20 for lucky dip numbers. Sophie always fills in the form, pays over the money to the Hong Kong Jockey Club, and keeps the ticket. Last week five of their numbers came up and the ticket paid out $100,000. Sophie refuses to share the $100,000. Advise Amy and Jim.

2. Discovering the kitchen on fire, Bella telephoned the fire brigade. On their arrival she told Sam, the officer in charge, that she would give each fireman $500 if they prevented the fire from damaging her living room which contained valuable antiques. The firemen extinguished the fire and confined its effects to the kitchen. Bella has refused to pay. Advise the fire brigade.

3. Alice is travelling to Oxford when her car gets a puncture. The driver of a passing van stops and offers to change the wheel of Alice’s car. When he has finished, he says ‘That will be $1,000 please. I’m part of the Blue Flag rescue service. I have a garage just down the road.’ Explain to Alice if she is legally obliged to pay the $1,000.