As noted in Appendix B$,\_\_\_\_\_\_$ is an attempt to understand and explain phenomena within a particular area of inquiry. Put simply, $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ are sensemaking devices that explain why phenomena occurs and how variables are related. Scientists approach theory from the perspective that theories need to be tested, and theoretical propositions must be subjected to academic scrutiny. Some scholars begin with theory and then collect data to test that theory, which is known as $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ building. Others collect data and then develop $\_\_\_\_\_\_$ as data emerge to formulate theoretical frameworks.