Assignment 2

Part 1 Read the paper titled: The importance of stupidity in scientific research by Martin A. Schwartz and answer the following questions 1. 3. . What is the main argument Schwartz makes about the role of Btupidityin scientific research? How does he differentiate between 'productive stupidity' and other types of ignorance? In the essay, Schwartz shares an anecdote about Nobel Prize winner Henry Taube. How does this story help Schwartz realize the nature of research? How does it shape his perspective on problem-solving in science? Schwartz argues that Ph.D. programs may not adequately prepare students for the challenges of research. What are the two main disservices he identifies, and how do these hinder the progress of young researchers? . Analyze the transition that students undergo from learning established knowledge to making new discoveries in scientific research. Why does Schwartz emphasize the need for emotional resilience and confidence during this process? Do you agree with Schwartz's view that \"being ignorant by choice\" is necessary for scientific progress? Provide examples from your own experience or other fields where embracing uncertainty led to significant discoveries or personal growth. Part 2 Read the paper titled: How to Display Data Badly by Howard Wainer. 1. What does Wainer mean by the concept of "data densityind how does minimizing data density lead to bad data displays? Provide an example from the paper and one from the New York Times that illustrate this principle. . Wainer introduces the idea of "chartjunk.\" How does adding unnecessary visual ele- ments obscure the message of a graph? Provide an example from the paper and one from the New York times where chartjunk negatively affects data interpretation. . The conecept of data ink ratio is key to understanding how well a graph communicates its information. Explain this concept and analvze how manipulating the data-ink ratio can result in poor data visualization. Provide an example from the New York Times. . Wainer provides examples of graphs where the scale is manipulated to distort the visual representation of data. Why is this problematic, and how can it lead to misin- terpretation of the information presented? Provide an example from the New York Times. . According to Wainer, labeling in graphs can be done illegibly, incompletely, incorrect- ly, or ambiguously. How does poor labeling impact the clarity of data presentation? Discuss one example from the paper where labeling issues hindered understanding and include one from the New York Times