Backward MR Analysis Table Framework ANALYSIS RESEARCH TABLE Raw Data QUESTION Table Variables Y Variables X Summary Test Statistics Statistics Data Sources ACTION STANDARD (how does result dictate a course of action)Confounding Factors: Threats to Internal Validity ' History: impact of other events at same time as treatment Testing: preobservation and/or observation causes change in response ' Selection Bias: assignment to group(s) has systematic bias Instrumentation: measurement changes ' Maturation: test units change pre to post ' Mortality: test units lost due to a systematic cause Regression to the Mean: original peak or valley clue to chance so revert to mean (SI Cover Curse)