Based on the above, please ask two valuable questions about power and leadership

I2 POWER AND LEADERSHIP Joseph S. Nye, Jr. T EADERSHIP AND Power are changing, but political scientists are not Dalways clear about the relationship between the two.' A few decades ago, political scientists such as Robert C. Tucker contrasted a power approach with a leadership approach. In his classic Leadership, James MacGregor Burns famously introduced a normative dimension that distinguished leaders from power wielders. More recently, Barbara Kellerman has argued for a positivist definition and written about bad leadership. Moreover, many political scientists in recent years have left the field of leadership studies to psychologists and organizational behavior theorists whose research usually occurs within the narrow boundaries of the laboratory or the organization rather than a wider context of power behaviors. If one thinks of power as including both the hard power of coer- cion and the soft power of attraction, leadership and power are inextri- cably intertwined. Leadership involves power, though not all power relationships are instances of leadership. Bombing an enemy into submission is quite different from persuading others to follow. At the same time, as I argue below, it is difficult to think of a leader without soft power. However, some co er, some contemporary theories that define leader- as synonymous with the soft power of attraction and persuasion the hard dimension of power. In practice, effective leadership res a mixture of soft and hard power skills that I call smart power. Proportions differ with contexts. A business executive has more 305 The proportio 306 The Theory of Leadership access to the hard power of hiring and firing; a university president or a democratic politician has to rely more on the soft power of attraction and persuasion. I introduced the concept of soft power into the dis- course of international politics two decades ago, but it is equally impor- tant to the topic of leadership. I define leaders as those who help a group create and achieve shared goals. Some try to impose their own goals while others derive them more from the group, but leaders moble lize people to reach those objectives. Leadership is a social relationship with three key components-leaders, followers, and the contexts in which they interact. One cannot lead without power