Based on the data in Appendix B, Chart Other Costs, categorise the cost items into committed costs and discretionary costs. Select and discuss one committed cost item and one discretionary cost item from the list in the chart. Why do you think they increase, decrease or remain stable relative to their committed or discretionary nature? Clearly state any assumptions you have made in classifying these costs (for the two items you have selected for further analysis only) as committed or discretionary. Begin by providing definitions of these two cost types.

Other Expenses

	2020 $000s	2019 $000s
Advertising, marketing and promotional expenses	2,978	5,229
Communication costs	19,605	18,329
Consultants and contractors	10,488	20,398
Contributions to learning institutions	5,617	4,727
Copying, printing, stationery and consumables	9,069	13,898
Equipment costs	35,821	34,895
International agents commission	18,812	30,778
Library expenses	14,464	12,185
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment	247	55
Non-capitalised equipment	4,490	6,996
Operating lease rentals	11,566	10,751
Rates and energy costs	9,202	12,372
Scholarships, grants and prizes	104,421	96,092
Staffing and related costs	7,982	30,954
Student expenses	38,390	31,637
Other	18,237	22,113
Total other expenses	311,389	351,409