Begin by looking over the Lesson 13 Commentary and the first part of the Lesson 13 Lab. Next you should open up the Lesson 13 Lab Observational Study Results. Answer each of the following questions in one or two sentences. For all of these questions there are many possible answers. I don't expect an exhaustive list of every possibility. Instead I want you to choose one potential \"issue\" with our study (for each form of validity) and describe it. 1. Construct validity Choose one of our variables (behavior, gender, or \"looks\") and identify a potential concern related to the construct validity of that variable. (100 words max) Hint: the definition of construct validity is... the extent to which a measured variable actually measures the concept of interest. 1 2.Internal validity Using \"behavior\" as the predictor variable, identify a potential concern related to the internal validity of that variable. (100 words max) Hint: the definition of internal validity is... the extent to whichchanges in the DV (or outcome variable) can be accurately attributed toan IV (or predictor variable). 3.Statistical conclusion validity Looking at the statistical analyzes that I have provided, identify the next necessary step related to the statistical conclusions I have reached (100 words max). Hint: it has to do with some t-tests. 4.External validity identify one aspect of the research that might limit the generalizability of the results. (100 words max) 5. Final Thoughts Give me one, brief suggestion for how the observational study could be improved. (100 words max) Here are the results of the Observation Study data analysis. Descriptive Statistics Independent Variable 1 - Gender: a categorical variable N = 1042 (frequencies: Male = 469, Female = 573) Independent Variable 2 - Behavior: a categorical variable N = 1042 (frequencies: Cell = 184, MP3 = 84, None = 774) Dependent Variable - Looks: a continuous measure # Looks 0 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency 186 306 346 123 52 21 N = 1117 Mean = 1.66 Standard Deviation = 1.242 Range = 7 6 5 7 3 Inferential Statistics: I ran a 2 (Gender: Male vs. Female) X 3 (Behavior: Cell vs. MP3 vs. None) ANOVA with the number of looks as the Dependent Variable. Here are the results... Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Gender 2.157 1 2.157 1.435 .231 Behavior 35.298 2 17.649 11.745 .000 Gender * Behavior 11.951 2 5.975 3.976 .019 Residual 1556.788 1036 1.503 Total 4481.000 1042 Condition Means (marginal means in bold) Cell MP3 Men 1.714 2.000 Women 1.800 2.528 1.76 2.23 None 1.694 1.485 1.58 1.73 1.61 A couple of things to remember... With a 2-factor ANOVA I'm going to have three hypotheses, and three null hypotheses. Hypothesis 1: There will be a significant difference in the number of \"looks\" between men and women. - Null Hypothesis 1: There will be no difference between men and women. Hypothesis 2: There will be a significant difference in the number of \"looks\" between the people using a cell phone, wearing headphones (MP3) and the people with neither. - Null Hypothesis 2: There will be no differences between these groups. Hypothesis 3: There will be a significant interaction between Gender and Behavior - Null Hypothesis 3: There will be no interaction. Based on the data I fail to reject the first null hypothesis (a non-significant main effect of Gender), but I can reject the second and third null hypotheses (main effect of behavior and the interaction). Now go to the Lesson 13 - Lab Assignment and answer the questions presented there