Question: Briefly explain 1) how confounding differs from effect modification, and 2) how stratification is used to investigate each phenomenon. Define briefly the counterfactual ideal .

  1. Briefly explain 1) how confounding differs from effect modification, and 2) how stratification is used to investigate each phenomenon.
  2. Define briefly the counterfactual ideal. Can it be achieved in the real world? and Why or Why not? Thinking of a study design or analytic method of your choice, please explain how this method attempts to approximate this ideal

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