C$++$ Programming Exercise: Inheritance and Polymorphism

Objective

To practice the concepts of inheritance and polymorphism in C$++$ by creating a base class and derived classes. You

will also learn how to override functions in derived classes and use polymorphism to interact with objects of these

classes.

Review virtual functions in the Inheritance$/$Polymorphism chapter of the book.

Problem Statement

You are tasked with creating a simple system to manage different types of vehicles. You will create a base class called

Vehicle and derived classes Car, Truck, and Motorcycle. Each derived class should override a function from

the base class.

Instructions

$1.$ Create the Base Class Vehicle

$$ Data Members:

$$ std::string make

$$ std::string model

$$ int year

$$ Member Functions:

$$ Vehicle$($std::string make, std::string model, int year$)$: Constructor to initialize the data members.

$$ virtual void displayInfo$()$: A virtual function that displays the make, model, and year of the vehicle.

$$ virtual void honk$()$: A virtual function that outputs a generic honk sound.

$2.$ Create Derived Classes: Car, Truck, and Motorcycle

$$ Each class should inherit from Vehicle.

$$ Each class should override the displayInfo$()$ and honk$()$ functions to provide specific implementations.

$3.$ Derived Class Car

$$ Additional Data Member:

$$ int numberOfDoors

$$ Constructor:

$$ Car$($std::string make, std::string model, int year, int numberOfDoors$)$: Initialize the base class and the

additional data member.

$$ Overridden Functions:

$$ void displayInfo$()$ override: Display vehicle information along with the number of doors.$$ void honk$()$ override: Output a car$-$specific honk sound.

$4.$ Derived Class Truck

$$ Additional Data Member:

$$ int towingCapacity

$$ Constructor:

$$ Truck$($std::string make, std::string model, int year, int towingCapacity$)$: Initialize the base class and

the additional data member.

$$ Overridden Functions:

$$ void displayInfo$()$ override: Display vehicle information along with the towing capacity.

$$ void honk$()$ override: Output a truck$-$specific honk sound.

$5.$ Derived Class Motorcycle

$$ Additional Data Member:

$$ bool hasSidecar

$$ Constructor:

$$ Motorcycle$($std::string make, std::string model, int year, bool hasSidecar$)$: Initialize the base class and

the additional data member.

$$ Overridden Functions:

$$ void displayInfo$()$ override: Display vehicle information along with whether it has a sidecar.

$$ void honk$()$ override: Output a motorcycle$-$specific honk sound.

$6.$ Main Function

$$ Create objects of each derived class.

$$ Use a pointer to Vehicle to call displayInfo$()$ and honk$()$ functions on each object to demonstrate

polymorphism.

$$ Ensure your code is well$-$commented and follows best practices for C$++$ programming.

$$ Include a brief explanation of how inheritance and polymorphism are used in your program in your comments.