c which function in the value chain?

GreenShipping $\backslash (\{\}^\{\backslash$text $\{$TM $\}\}\backslash )$ is a service that companies can use to purchase carbon offsets for the carbon generated by shipments to customers. Any shipments made with UPS, FedEx, or USPS can be tracked. The GreenShipping $\backslash (\{\}^\{\backslash$text $\{$TM $\}\}\backslash )$ calculator uses weight, distance traveled, and mode of transport to calculate the carbon generated by that shipment. A carbon offset is then purchased so that the shipment becomes carbon neutral. The carbon offset helps to fund the development of renewable energy sources. The cost of these carbon offsets to the company making the shipment to the customer would fall into which function in the

d$.$ value chain?

The Red Wing Shoe Company manufactures work boots. The company has a philosophy that products should be repaired, not thrown away. After the $12-$month warranty has expired on Red Wing boots, the company offers free oiling, free laces, low$-$cost replacement insoles, and low$-$cost hardware repairs. The cost of operating this shoe

e$.$ repair service would fall into which function in the value chain?

Nyloboard $\backslash (\{\}^\{8\}\backslash )$ produces decking materials made from recycled carpet. The cost of the research into how to create Nyloboard $\backslash (\{\}^\{(8)\}\backslash )$ from recycled carpet would fall into which

f$.$ function in the value chain?

Customer Service

Design

Distributing

Marketing

Purchasing$/$Producing

Research and Development