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Textual comprehension aids are tools or materials that provide support and guide understanding of voluminous texts. It is very useful for students who wish to understand and comprehend an essay, story, or academic discussion of a topic. Textual comprehension aids give emphasis on which parts of the text should be focused on. These aids can be graphics, schema, outlines, or introductory material presented simply to connect the new material with material learned beforehand. Listed below are some examples of textual comprehension aids useful in learning: 1. Advance Organizer - Posited by David Ausubel in 1963, advance organizers primarily bridge new material for learning contained in the main text with what the reader already knows. The advance organizer gives a preview and overview of the main text following an outline structure, although it is different from a summary. The style can be comparative (to contrast or show similarities with earlier topics) or expository or explicatory to relate the new material with what is known by the reader. 2. Non-Linear Illustrations - These include visual aids or graphics, flowcharts, diagrams, story map and concept maps. These are based on the principle, "A picture is worth a thousand words." Illustrations are a powerful aid for comprehension. Application: Create graphics or visual aids to help a reader understand the sample essay in the previous learning activity