CASE $1$:

A$.$ A minor shareholder refers to a person who is under the legal age of majority but owns shares in a company. In general, minors can own shares in a company, but their ability to act as a director may be restricted due to their age. The specific laws regarding minor shareholders and directors can vary depending on the jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, minors may be allowed to act as directors, while others, they may need to reach the legal age of majority before assuming such a role.

B$.$ Regarding the use of insurance benefits of a family member, it can raise potential legal issues such as:

Coverage Limitations $-$ Insurance policies typically have specific terms and conditions that define who is eligible for coverage. Using the insurance benefits of a family member may not be allowed if the policy explicit states that coverage is limited to the policyholder only. It is essential to review the policy documents to understand the coverage limitations and eligibility criteria.

Fraudulent Activity $-$ Intentionally using someone else's insurance benefits without their knowledge or consent can be considered fraudulent activity. Insurance fraud is a serious offense and can lead to legal consequences, including fines and potential criminal charges. It is important to act ethically and within the boundaries of the insurance policy.

Consent and Authorization $-$ If a family member has given consent or authorized the use of their insurance benefits, it may be permissible. However, it is advisable to seek written consent or authorization to avoid any misunderstandings or disputes.

From an ethics and professional conduct perspective, using insurance benefits of a family member may raise ethical concerns. It is important for professionals, like Joan, to uphold ethical standards and maintain honesty and integrity in their business practices. Using insurance benefits of a family member inappropriately may be seen as a breach of trust and may have negative implications for both the professional and the client.