Case $1$ Description

Frito$-$Lay, the multi$-$billion$-$dollar snack food giant, produces billions of pounds of product every year at its dozens of U$.$S$.$ and Canadian plants. From the farming of potatoes in Florida, North Carolina, and Michigan to factories and retail stores, the ingredients and final product of Lay's chips, for example, are inspected at least $11$ times: in the field, before unloading at the plant, after washing and peeling, at the sizing station, at the fryer, after seasoning when bagged $($for weight$),$ at carton filling, in the warehouse, and as they are placed on the store shelf by Frito$-$Lay personnel. Similar inspections take place for its other famous products, including Cheetos, Fritos, Ruffles, and Tostitos.

In addition to these employee inspections, the firm uses proprietary vision systems to look for defective potato chips. Chips are pulled off the high$-$speed line and checked twice if the vision system senses them to be too brown.

The company follows the very strict standards of the American Institute of Baking $($AIB$),$ standards that are much tougher than those of the U$.$S$.$ Food and Drug Administration. Two unannounced AIB site visits per year keep Frito$-$Lay's plant on their toes. Scores, consistently in the "excellent" range, are posted, and every employee knows exactly how the plant is doing.

There are two key metrics in Frito$-$Lay's continuous improvement quality program: $(1)$ total customer complaints $($measured on complaints per million bag basis$)$ and $(2)$ hourly or daily statistical process control scores $($for oil, moisture, seasoning, and salt content, for chip thickness, for fryer temperature, and for weight$).$