Case studies $(5$ pts$.$ each$)$ Answer $4$ of the following case studies.

Case study $-$ Fred Jackson came to the Washington Medical Center's Presbyterian Hospital seeking a liver transplant. Fred was on the waiting list only a short time before he became a viable candidate for a transplant. Although his condition was serious, others on the same waiting list were in worse condition than Jackson, and many had been on the wait list far longer. Fred Jackson comes from a large and wealthy family who traveled with him to the Presbyterian Hospital. It was made clear Jackson would donate a considerable endowment to the hospital's transplant research program if he received a healthy liver. Within a week he receives a liver. What are the conflicting values present? Shouldn't Jackson be able to seek out the best care possible? What factors should determine top priority for organ transplants? Some people believe individuals with significant drug and alcohol abuse patterns should be excluded from organ waitlists. Explain the arguments supporting each of these positions. Draw your own conclusions, and support your answer.