Case Study $1$: Food Processing Industry

System Details: Piping diameter $50$ mm$,$ length $100$ meters, used for transporting milk at a flow rate of $50$ litres$/$min$.$

Case Study $2$: Chemical Manufacturing

System Details: Piping diameter $25$ mm$,$ length $250$ meters, used for chemical solvents at a flow rate of $15$ litres$/$min$.$

Case Study $3$: Water Treatment Facilities

System Details: Piping diameter $300$ mm$,$ length $1000$ meters, used for moving water at a flow rate of $1000$ litres$/$min through sedimentation and filtration processes.

a$)$ Examine the characteristics of fluid flow in these three industrial piping systems.

b$)$ Review the significance of the Reynolds number on fluid flow in these three systems.

You were then asked to discuss the operational aspects of hydraulic machines. Discuss, with the aid of diagrams:

c$)$ Turbines: Pelton wheel, Kaplan turbine, Francis wheel.

d$)$ Pumps: centrifugal, reciprocating.

A colleague then asks for your assistance with two practical scenarios.

Scenario $1$:

e$)$ Apply dimensional analysis to for the flowrate over a rectangular weir.