cause 1. The interaction between the faulted system and its distributed capacitance may transient overvoltages (several times normal) to appear from line to ground during normal switching of a circuit having a line-to ground fault (short). These over voltages may cause insulation failures at points other than the original fault. 2. A second fault on another phase may occur before the first fault can be cleared. This can result in very high line-to-line fault currents, equipment damage and disruption of both circuits. Disadvantage: This system involves all the drawbacks and hazards of high earth fault current: maximum damage and disturbances. There is no service continuity on the faulty feeder. The danger for personnel is high during the fault since the touch voltages created are high. Applications: Distributed neutral conductor. 3-phase+neutraldistribution. Q.1.4 Using suitable example/s differentiate between structural testing and functional testing