centromere represented by a dot $".",$ which looks like $1234*56789.$ The researcher finds the following mutant chromosome $12346789.$ What is wrong with this chromosome?

A$.$ Inversion

B$.$ Translocation

C$.$ Deletion

D$.$ Duplication

E$.$ None

$25.$ The mutation in the above WT chromosome resulting in $(1234-6789)$ could have been caused by the following?

A$.$ Two recombination events between repetitive DNA on homologous chromosomes.

B$.$ Two identically positioned double stranded breaks in homologous chromosomes and reunion.

C$.$ A single recombination event between repetitive DNA on homologous chromosomes.

D$.$ Recombination between repetitive DNA on non$-$homologous chromosomes.

E$.$ Recombination in meiotic inversion loops.

$26.$ Using the above WT chromosome, the researcher finds another mutant chromosome with the following gene order $1234*6578$ABC. What is wrong with this chromosome?

A$.$ Inversion

B$.$ Translocation

C$.$ Deletion

D$.$ Duplication

E$.$ None

$27.$ Animals have a single photolyase gene while plants have two copies and one of the copies became a way to measure Ultraviolet radiation. What is the most likely way that these two genes could have arisen?

A$.$ An missense mutation in the single copy of the photolyase gene to make a protein that can measure ultraviolet light.

B$.$ Duplication of the photyolyase gene followed by neo$-$functionalization to a ultraviolet function.

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C$.$ Horizontal transfer of the ultraviolet measuring gene from another species into plants

D$.$ Duplication of ancestral genes followed by sub$-$functionalization to express in the presence or absence of ultraviolet light.

E$.$ Independent evolution of the photolyase and ultraviolet genes from scratch.

$28.$ When will the presence of a mutant $1234-6578$ABCchromosome $($in comparison to the above WT$)$ probably not be a problem for the organism?

A$.$ Mitosis of a homozygote for the mutation

B$.$ Mitosis of a heterozygote for the mutation

C$.$ Meiosis of a homozygote for the mutation

D$.$ Meiosis of a heterozygote for the mutation

E$.$ It will never be a problem

$29.$ Which of the following genomic changes can be created by recombination based mechanisms?

A$.$ Inversion

B$.$ Translocation

C$.$ Deletion

D$.$ Duplication

E$.$ None.

$30.$ Which of the following function in trans and are required for a retrotransposon to move?

A$.$ Long Terminal Repeats

B$.$ Transposase promoter

C$.$ Transposase protein

D$.$ RNAP

E$.$ Ribosome.

F$.$ DNA Polymerase.

$31.$ Which of these possible descriptions would fit only a non$-$ replicative DNA transposon?

A$.$ The transposase protein creates double strand cuts at both LTRs and moves the entire transposon to another location independent of replication.

B$.$ The transposase protein takes the transposon after it is turned into DNA by Reverse transcriptase and inserts it into the genome,

C$.$ The transposase protein creates single strand cuts at both LTRs and moves the transposon to another location independent of replication.

D$.$ The transposase protein can function in trans to cut at any LTR sequences