• Change Arguments: A case can be made that something is different in the characteristics (or state) of X and/or Y between 2 or more observations made at different times. A change argument is simply a comparison of before and after and any differences that are noted from the first observation to the subsequent observations. When making a case for observed change, then you would typically use a different form of argument (categorical or predictive) to explain why that change occurred.
  • Example:
    • At observation 1, all Xs had this characteristic (or were in this state).
    • At observation 2, all Xs do not have this characteristic (or were not in this state).
    • Therefore, X no longer possesses this characteristic (or is no longer in this state).