Chapter $4$ discussed several approaches to organizational design, including $($a$)$ classical, bureaucratic theories; $($b$)$ human resources approaches; $($c$)$ contingency theories; $($d$)$ open systems theory; and $($e$)$ empowerment$-$oriented theories.

Summarize the theories discussed in this chapter.

Do you find some of these theories more helpful than others?

What theories do you see being used, explicitly or implicitly, in an organization with which you are familiar? Are these the appropriate theories to be used? If not, which ones would be better?