Community$-$based disaster risk reduction $($CBDRR$)$ involves empowering communities to identify, assess, and manage disaster risks through local knowledge, capacities, and resources. Investigate the theoretical foundations of community$-$based disaster risk reduction, including principles such as participatory risk assessment, social capital, and community resilience. How do practitioners apply theoretical models of CBDRR to build community resilience, enhance local adaptive capacity, and foster collective action to reduce vulnerability and enhance disaster preparedness and response at the grassroots level?