Question: Compare and contrast the theoretical principles behind different tunneling methods ( such as NATM, TBM , and cut - and - cover ) with respect

Compare and contrast the theoretical principles behind different tunneling methods (such as NATM, TBM, and cut-and-cover) with respect to varying ground conditions (rock, soft soil, and mixed-face conditions). Discuss how these methods account for stability, excavation support, and environmental impacts in tunnel construction.

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