computer networks: transport layer

Q$1.$ a$)$ What do you mean by $"$TCP byte stream"?

b$)$ TCP supports bi$-$directional data flow. How does TCP send both data and acknowledgement inside the same

segment?

c$)$ In case of a TCP connection, the sender sends four segments of data with sequence number $300,400,500$ and

$600$ where each segment size is $100$ bytes. The sender receives, three ACKs with $400.$ Explain the action taken by the

sender with a sequence diagram.

d$)$ Using the following figure, explain how pipelining can increase the utilization of a channel from the stop and wait

protocol. Show necessary calculations assuming, pipeline size n$=4,$ RTT $=1\mathrm{.}5$s$,$ Packet Size $=1500$ bytes and

Transmission Rate $=1000$kbps$.$

first pacl

last packet

e$)$ Differentiate between the Go$-$Back$-$N and Selective Repeat Request protocols in terms of:

$($i$)$ Retransmission of packets

$($ii$)$ Acknowledge sent by the receiver

f$)$ Following is the classic sawtooth pattern of TCP where x$-$axis represents time and y$-$axis represents data sending

rate. Using the following curve explain $($i$)$ TCP packet sending at the starting and $($ii$)$ TCP congestion control approach