Concepts related to processes: These concepts focus on how each person's cognitive processes influence their motivation. They look at how people make plans and strive to fulfill them.

Three factors affect motivation, according to Victor Vroom's expectation theory: instrumentality $($the belief that performance yields results$),$ valence $($the value placed on outcomes$),$ and expectancy $($the belief that effort yields results$).$

Request for Supervisors: Managers can use expectation theory to ensure that employees believe their efforts will get the desired results. Setting explicit performance goals and linking meaningful rewards to high achievement are two ways to boost motivation.