Concussions and their effects have been a hot button issue in sports and for public health as a whole in recent years. Considering just adolescents (ages 0-18), it has been found that there are around 473,000 annual emergency department visits for head trauma, with over 75% of these being diagnosed as some form of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). A 2013 article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association by Babcock et al. found that about 29.3% of participants in a three-month follow-up of adolescents with mTBI (n=406) had experienced some form of post-concussion syndrome (PCS), with the most frequently occurring post-concussion symptom being headaches (30.5%).

The long-term effects of concussions has been a primary concern of the state high school athletic association as well. In an attempt to study this, a random sample of student-athletes who had experienced a concussion during this past school year were brought in for a three-month follow up to discuss any potential post-concussion symptoms they had experienced. The attached data includes basic demographic information about the student-athletes, their concussion history and an indicator of whether or not they experienced various post-concussion symptoms as included on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS). Previous history of concussions and presence of a symptom are indicated by 1 in the data set, and a lack of either by 0.

-1. (25 points) Conduct a hypothesis test at an ?=0.05 significance level to determine if there is a difference in the mean number of symptoms experienced between male student-athletes and the mean number of symptoms experienced by female student-athletes. Include your hypotheses, test statistic, P-value and conclusion. Comment on whether the appropriate assumptions are met for this test.

tTest: TwoSample Assuming Unequal Variances Female M376 Mean 0.71795 0.65789 Variance 0.20513 0.22307 Observations 78 76 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 [if 151 t Stat 0.80031 Pfl'<: onetail t critical pizt twotail t-test: two-sample assuming unequal variances no headacges headaches mean variance observations hypothesized df stat p one-ta one-t two-ta two-t>