Consider a $12,000 machine that will reduce pretax operating costs by $3,500 per year over a 5-year period. Assume no changes in net working capital and a salvage value of zero. Further assume straight-line depreciation to zero, a marginal tax rate of 32%, and a required return of 9%, what is the NPV of the project? O $83.49 o $449.05 O $689.71 O $827.93 O $244.62