Consider a study in which people either receive X 1 drug or X 0 placebo We then record their nal outcome Y , where Y 1 indicates a good outcome (Assume SUTVA, so that an individual patients outcome only depends on what they were assigned, so Y(drug) and Y(placebo) are well de ned )

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Consider a study in which people either receive X   1 drug or X   0 placebo  We then record their nal outcome Y , where Y   1 indicates a good outcome  (Assume SUTVA, so that an individual patients outcome only depends on what they were assigned, so Y(drug) and Y(placebo) are well de ned )

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Question: Consider a study in which people either receive X = 1 drug or X = 0 placebo. We then record their nal outcome Y ,

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