Consider the following data set

D$=\{-15,7,11,-9,6,4,-4,-3,0,8,7,1,9,-5,-4,2,3,-1,0,12,25\}$

Apply the following transformation to the data set:

a$)$ Normalize the data within $[0,1]$

b$)$ Normalize the data within $[-1,1]$

c$)$ Standardize the data $($i$.$e$.$ z$-$value$).$ According to z$-$values, do you spot any extreme$/$outlier values?

d$)$ Apply equal$-$width binning using $4$ bins

e$)$ Apply equal height binning using $4$ bins