Consider the following pseudocode:

x $=1,$ y $=3,$ z $=5$

function foo $($a $,$ b $)$:

x $=$ x $+$ b ;

z $=$ x $+$ y ;

a $=$ a $-$ z ;

y $=$ a $-$ x $+$ b ;

For each of the cases below, write down the values of x$,$ y$,$ and z after the

following calls to foo$().$ If necessary, assume that output arguments are copied back to parameters in the left$-$to$-$right order.

$($a$)$ foo$($x$,$y$)$ where all parameters are passed by value.

$($b$)$ foo$($x$,$z$)$ where all parameters are passed by reference.

$($c$)$ foo$($y$,$z$)$ where all parameters are passed by value$-$result.

$($d$)$ foo$($z$,$z$)$ where all parameters are passed by reference