Consider these examples of trade practices. Categorize each as a tariff, quota, nontariff barrier, embargo, or unrestricted trade. For each barrier to trade, explain who or what the policy might protect.

• The United States increased the tax it charges on Chinese-made car tires.
• Japan required very strict fuel efficiency and exhaust emission standards on all cars. Japanese carmakers met these standards, but many American carmakers did not.
• Greece banned all trade with the Republic of Macedonia because it believed the new country would try to claim Greek territory.
• Canola oil from plants grown in Canada is imported into the United States and blended with gasoline to make biofuels.
• During the Great Depression, the United States set a maximum amount of raw sugar it would import so that U.S. growers would receive higher prices.

Japan refuses to import beef from regions with mad cow disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy). Mad cow disease has been found in Scotland, so Japan will not buy any beef from Scotland.