Contraction loss coefficient, K h = Kc ] Carbon tetrachloride at ambient temperature (density = 1595 kg/m3; viscosity = 0.001 Pas) is flowing through the horizontal piping system as shown below (not drawn to scale). A contraction fitting (also known as reducing bushing) is used to connect the larger (i.e. 4 cm internal diameter) wrought iron pipe to the smaller (i.e. 2 cm internal diameter) galvanized iron pipe. a. Using a steady-state mass balance, write the appropriate equation that relates the average velocities in the two pipes. b. Write the simplified form of the Bernoulli equation for the condition where reference points 1 & 2 are chosen to be at the centreline of the piping system where the two pressure gauges are located. Using Figure 8.15 (reproduced below), determine a reasonable value for the contraction loss c. coefficient. d. If the upstream pressure gauge reads 692 kPa and the downstream pressure gauge reads 20 kPa, determine the volumetric flow rate of carbon tetrachloride (m/s) in the piping system. 3 m 2 cm 4 cm 1.5 m Contraction Expansion A1 A A A2 AR = A2/A AR = A/A2 = 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4- 0.2 1.0 T TTT 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Area ratio, AR Expansion loss coefficient, Ke [ M = Ke V]