CQ$2\mathrm{.}1$ Parent$-$subsidiary relationship

Is there a parent$-$subsidiary relationship in each of the situations below? If the situation is ambiguous, identify the

factors that will determine if a parent$-$subsidiary relationship exists.

$($a$)$ Company A signs an agreement with Company B to set up Company C in China. Both Company A and

Company B will have $50\%$ voting rights in Company C$.$

$($b$)$ Company A buys $100\%$ of the net assets of Company B$.$ The purchase price includes goodwill. Company B is

subsequently dissolved.

$($c$)$ Company A arranges to have its shares acquired by Company B who issues new shares to the owners of

Company A$.$ The owners of Company A are also the executive directors of Company A$.$ Company B gives

three of five seats on the board of directors to the executive directors of Company A $.$

$($d$)$ Company B owes $$20$ million to Company A$.$ As a result of financial difficulties, Company A agrees to accept

shares issued by Company B as settlement of the liabilities. After the share issue, Company A owns $60\%$ of

Company B$.$