Critical Thinking. In Exercises 17-28, use the data and confidence level to construct a confidence interval estimate of p, then address the given question. 17. Births A random sample of 860 births in New York State included 426 boys. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the proportion of boys in all births. It is believed that among all births, the proportion of boys is 0.512. Do these sample results provide strong evidence against that belief? 18. Mendelian Genetics One of Mendel's famous genetics experiments yielded 580 peas, with 428 of them green and 152 yellow. a. Find a 99% confidence interval estimate of the percentage of green peas. b. Based on his theory of genetics, Mendel expected that 75% of the offspring peas would be green. Given that the percentage of offspring green peas is not 75%, do the results contradict Mendel's theory? Why or why not?22. Medication Usage In a survey of 3005 adults aged 57 through 85 years, it was found that 81.7% of them used at least one prescription medication (based on data from "Use of Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medications and Dietary Supplements Among Older Adults in the United States," by Qato et al., Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 300, No. 24). a. How many of the 3005 subjects used at least one prescription medication? b. Construct a 90% confidence interval estimate of the percentage of adults aged 57 through 85 years who use at least one prescription medication. c. What do the results tell us about the proportion of college students who use at least one pre- scription medication? 23. Cell Phones and Cancer A study of 420,095 Danish cell phone users found that 0.0321% of them developed cancer of the brain or nervous system. Prior to this study of cell phone use, the rate of such cancer was found to be 0.0340% for those not using cell phones. The data are from the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. a. Use the sample data to construct a 90% confidence interval estimate of the percentage of cell phone users who develop cancer of the brain or nervous system. b. Do cell phone users appear to have a rate of cancer of the brain or nervous system that is dif- ferent from the rate of such cancer among those not using cell phones? Why or why not? 24. Nonvoters Who Say They Voted In a survey of 1002 people, 70% said that they voted in a recent presidential election (based on data from ICR Research Group). Voting records show that 61% of eligible voters actually did vote. a. Find a 98% confidence interval estimate of the proportion of people who say that they voted. b. Are the survey results consistent with the actual voter turnout of 61%? Why or why not?36. IOS Marketshare You plan to develop a new IOS social gaming app that you believe will surpass the success of Angry Birds and Facebook combined. In forecasting revenue, you need to estimate the percentage of all smartphone and tablet devices that use the iOS operating system versus Android and other operating systems. How many smartphones and tablets must be surveyed in order to be 99% confident that your estimate is in error by no more than two percentage points? a. Assume that nothing is known about the percentage of portable devices using the iS oper- ating system. b. Assume that a recent survey suggests that about 43% of smartphone and tablets are using the iOS operating system (based on data from NetMarketShare). c. Does the additional survey information from part (b) have much of an effect on the sample size that is required