d Seattle. Grainger estimates that these super ers average 85 percent full when they are shipped. The remaining 11 percent shipped from China and Taiwan go through consolidation centers that are located at each port. These consolidation centers are run by the freight forwarding company and cost about $75,000 per year each to operate. At the volumes that are currently running through these centers, the variable cost is $4.90 per CBM. The variable cost of run- ning a consolidation center could be reduced to about $1.40 per CBM using technology if the volume could be increased to at least 50,000 CBM per year. Now there is much variabil- ity in the volume run at each center and it only averages about 5,000 CBM per site. Material at the consolidation centers is accumulated on an ongoing basis and as containers are filled they are sent to the port Volume is sufficient that at least one 40-foot con- tainer is shipped from each consolidation center each week. Grainger has found that the consolidation centers can load all material into 40-foot containers and utilize 96 percent of the capacity of the container Grainger ships from four major port locations. Approximately 10 percent of the volume is shipped from the north China port of Qingdao and 42 percent is shipped from the central China port of Shanghai/Ningbo. Another use only 40-foot containers and capacity. Assume that costs $480 to ship a 20-foot container and $600 to ship a 40-foot container. What is the total cost to get the containers to the United. States? Do not include U.S. port costs in this part of the analysis. 2. Evaluate an alternative that involves consolidating all 20-foot container volume and using only a single consolidation center in Shanghai/Ningbo. Assume that all the existing 20-foot container volume and the exist- ing consolidation center volume is sent to this single consolidation center by suppliers. This new consolida- tion center volume would be packed into 40-foot con- tainers filled to 96 percent and shipped to the United States. The existing 40-foot volume would still be shipped direct from the suppliers at 85 percent capac- ity utilization. 3. What should be done based on your analytics analy- sis? What have you not considered that may make your analysis invalid or that may strategically limit success? What do you think Grainger management should do? Many thanks to Gary Scalzits of Grainger for help with developing this case. GLOBAL SOURCING AND ANALYTICS EXERCISE: GLOBAL SOURC GRAINGER: REE U.S. SUPPLY CH From in ni The Arr W. W. Grainger, Inc. is a leading supplier of maintenance. repair, and operating (MRO) products to businesses and institutions in the United States, Canada, and Mexico with an expanding presence in Japan, India, China, and Panama. The company works with more than 5,000 suppliers and runs an extensive Web site (www.grainger.com), where it offers nearly 1.5 million products. The products range from industrial adhesives used in manufacturing, to hand tools, janitorial supplies, lighting equipment, and power tools. When something is needed by one of its customers, it is often needed quickly, so quick service and product availability are key drivers to Grainger's success. The supp and deliv to as work shipm C proda tions Your assignment involves studying a specific part of Grainger's supply chain. Grainger works with over 250 sup- pliers in the China and Taiwan region. These suppliers pro- duce products to Grainger's specifications and ship to the United States using ocean freight carriers from four major ports in China and Taiwan. From these ports, product is shipped to U.S. entry ports in either Seattle, Washington, or Los Angeles, California. After passing through customs, the 20- and 40-foot containers are shipped by rail to Grainger's central distribution center in Kansas City, Kansas. The con- tainers are unloaded and quality is checked in Kansas City. are lo In ma and- cente taine the P butio GRAINGER GRAINGER GRAINGER 0 451 SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT chapter 13 SOURCING DECISIONS- ER: REENGINEERING THE CHINA/ PLY CHAIN ace. From there, individual items are sent to regional warehouses in nine U.S. locations, a Canadian site, and Mexico. and ith na. nd The Current China/Taiwan Logistics Arrangement it m s. s. en The contracts that Grainger has with Chinese and Taiwanese suppliers currently specify that the supplier owns the product and is responsible for all costs incurred until the product is delivered to the shipping port. These are commonly referred to as free on board (FOB) shipping port contracts. Grainger works with a freight forwarding company that coordinates all shipments from the Asian suppliers. e f Currently, suppliers have the option of either shipping product on pallets to consolidation centers at the port loca- tions or packing the product in 20- and 40-foot containers that are loaded directly on the ships bound for the United States. In many cases, the volume from a supplier is relatively small and will not sufficiently fill a container. The consolidation centers are where individual pallets are loaded into the con- tainers that protect the product while being shipped across the Pacific Ocean and then to Grainger's Kansas City distri- bution center. The freight forwarding company coordinates 452 the efficient shipping of the 20- and 40-foot containers. These are the same containers that are loaded onto rail cars in the United States. Currently, about 190,000 cubic meters of material are shipped annually from China and Taiwan. This is expected to grow about 15 percent per year over the next five years. About 89 percent of all the volume shipped from China and Taiwan are sent directly from the suppliers in 20- and 40-foot containers that are packed by the supplier at the supplier site. Approximately 21 percent are packed in the 20-foot contain- ers and 79 percent in 40-foot containers. The 20-foot con- tainers can hold 34 cubic meters (CBM) of material and the 40-foot containers, 67 CBM. The cost to ship a 20-foot con- tainer is $480 and a 40-foot container, $600 from any port location in China or Taiwan and to either Los Angeles or Seattle. Grainger estimates that these supplier-filled contain- ers average 85 percent full when they are shipped. The remaining 11 percent shipped from China and Taiwan go through consolidation centers that are located at each port. These consolidation centers are run by the freight forwarding company and cost about $75,000 per year each to operate. At the volumes that are currently running through these centers, the variable cost is $4.90 per CBM. The variable cost of run- ning a consolidation center could be reduced to about $1.40. per CBM using technology if the volume could be increased to at least 50,000 CBM per year. Now there is much variabil- ity in the volume run at each center and it only averages about 5,000 CBM per site. Material at the consolidation centers is accumulated on an ongoing basis and as containers are filled they are sent to the port. Volume is sufficient that at least one 40-foot con- tainer is shipped from each consolidation center each week. Grainger has found that the consolidation centers can load all material into 40-foot containers and utilize 96 percent of the capacity of the container. Grainger ships from four major port locations. Approximately 10 percent of the volume is shipped from the north China port of Qingdao and 42 percent is shipped from the central China port of Shanghai/Ningbo. Another OPERATIONS AND SUPPLY CHAIN M 10 38 por ma Sp Yc 10 percent is shipped from Kaohsiung in Taiwan. The final 38 percent is shipped from the southern Yantian/Hong Kong port. Consolidation centers are currently run in each location. Grainger management feels that it may be possible to make this part of its supply chain more efficient. Specific Questions to Address in Your Analysis OPERATIONS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT ing of the 20 and 40-foot containers. ontainers that are loaded onto rail cars 2.000 cubic meters of material are hina and Taiwan. This is expected per year over the next five years. olume shipped from China and the suppliers in 20- and 40-foot supplier at the supplier site