d$.$ The integration of Information Technology $($IT$)$ and Operational Technology $($OT$)$

systems in an MES environment introduces new cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Explain

how can manufacturers establish robust cyber$-$physical security measures to protect

their MES systems and prevent production disruptions. Give FIVE $(5)$ points.

$[5$ Marks$]$

e$.$ Manufacturing landscapes are constantly evolving. Describe FIVE $(5)$ potential future

directions for MES development in terms of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and

edge computing to transform the capabilities of MES and further optimize manufacturing

processes.