Data can be stored in various ways. Traditionally, data is stored in files or databases. Storing data in files does not require use of an application such as a DBMS to input and retrieve data because the application uses file streams directly. However, when data is stored in a database, the application connects to and communicates with the database via a DBMS. This element provides some benefits but also imposes costs.

• In your own words, define the term database management system (DBMS) and explain the relational database model.
• Compare the benefits and limitations of storing data in files as opposed to a DBMS.
• Then, identify a situation where you believe that a file-oriented solution is appropriate and of benefit as well as one where a DBMS is the better choice. Explain your reasoning by comparing the two choices in context.
• Support all your statements with proper citations and references.