Definitions

The WHO AWaRe framework and the $2021$ ATC Classification system was used to evaluate antibiotic use patterns as listed in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicine $15,16.$

The DDDs were calculated by multiplying the quantity field by DDD conversion factor field on the $2022$ version of the ATC$/$DDD index using the formula DDD$/100$ bed days $=$ Number of units administered in a given period $($milligram$)\frac{100}{?}$ DDD $($milligram$)$ number of days in the period $$ number of beds $$ occupancy index $[16].$ A bed$-$day was defined as overnight stay in hospital.