Describe legal issues relevant to the case study provided for you. Martin Sheen and his parents had a decision to make. Martin was a healthy, gifted 15-year-old with a bright future. He had been born with a condition called pectus excavatum which literally means "hollowed chest." It is a congenital deformity of the anterior wall of the chest that results in abnormal growth of the sternum and adjoining sections of ribs. While mild cases may only result in a sunken appearance of the chest, more severe cases may result in impaired cardiac and respiratory function (Shamberger, 1996; Crump, 1992). Many people with pectus excavatum also suffer from negative body image and self-esteem (Medline, 2007), and patients may seek correction for either physical or psychological reasons, which is usually accomplished surgically. In the United States, pectus excavatum occurs in an estimated 1 in 300-400 white male births, with a male to female ratio of approximately 5:1. While data are limited, there is a reason to believe that international incidence is approximately the same in most Caucasian and Asian populations. The defect appears to be rare in persons of African descent (Jaroszewski et al., 2012). The Decision to Operate. In Martin' case